“…A placebo ingested to reduce pain is effective because the individual expected it to be (see Flood, Lorence, Ding, McPherson, & Black, ). In the behavioral sciences, expectations are used as a construct of interest in multiple disciplines (e.g., Barbosa, Cunha, & Sallum, ; Capron, Norr, & Schmidt, ; Fişek et al, ). Perhaps best known is Vroom's Expectancy Theory, a model related to motivation, especially when applied to the workplace (Vroom, ).…”