yedoensis is confined to a less preferred prey item and a pine tree habitat. Finally, by a 36 comparative approach, we showed that niche partitioning or parapatric distribution, but not 37 sympatric coexistence in the same habitat, is maintained between species with CSP belonging 38 to a wide range of taxa, including vertebrates and invertebrates living in aquatic or terrestrial 39 environments. Taken together, these results lead us to conclude that reproductive interference 40 generally destabilizes local coexistence even in closely related species that exhibit CSP. 41 42