Competitive swimmers with allergic asthma show a mixed type of airway inflammation: Fig. 1—

Moreira, André; Delgado, Luís; Palmares, Carmo; Lopes, Carla; Jacinto, Tiago; Rytilä, Paula; Silva, J. A; Castel-Branco, M.G.; Haahtela, Tari

doi:10.1183/09031936.00175207

Cited by 22 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The authors interpreted their data as suggesting that repeated exposure to chlorine by-products in elite swimmers may lead to a neutrophil-driven inflammation, which might account for airway tissue damage. 31 Indeed, a recently published letter 32 reports that competitive asthmatic swimmers have a mixed type of airway inflammation, with increased number of both neutrophils and eosinophils but, in keeping with the results reported by Piacentini et al, 31 the authors found that NO levels are not affected by two consecutive training sessions. 33 Taken together, these findings suggest that elite swimmers have some degree of airway inflammation associated with more asthma symptoms and an increased bronchial reactivity.…”

Section: Respiratory Effects Of Chronic Chlorine Exposure In Competitsupporting

confidence: 76%

Swimming pool, respiratory health, and childhood asthma: Should we change our beliefs?

Uyan

Carraro

Piacentini

et al. 2008

Pediatric Pulmonology

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Summary. Swimming is often recommended as a sport because of its several benefits to health. It is also recommended in asthmatic children as a sport with a lower potential for prompting exercise-induced asthma. However, there is growing interest in the potentially harmful effects of repeated respiratory tract exposure to chlorinated products and the problem of possible swimmingrelated health hazards is gaining importance at international level. It is already known that acute exposure to chlorine gas as in swimming pool accidents causes lung damage and also that elite swimmers may have increased airway inflammation and bronchial hyperreactivity, probably as a result of repeated exposure to chlorine derivatives. Recently some studies have been conducted to investigate whether repeated exposure to chlorine by-products in recreational swimmers might also lead to lung damage. In addition, some studies have been lately published on the even more debated issue of the possible harmful effects of baby swimming on respiratory health. This article reviews and discusses data from the literature on the effects of chlorine derivatives in different categories of people routinely attending swimming pools. The need for longitudinal studies is emphasized to definitely clarify any role of chlorinated swimming pool attendance in the development of asthma in recreational swimmers.

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Section: Respiratory Effects Of Chronic Chlorine Exposure In Competitsupporting

confidence: 76%

Swimming pool, respiratory health, and childhood asthma: Should we change our beliefs?

Uyan

Carraro

Piacentini

et al. 2008

Pediatric Pulmonology

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show abstract

“…Exposure for swimming pools has been reported to increase asthma prevalence and EIA in Belgian children,41 even though a large English birth cohort study contradicted this finding and found cumulative swimming to be associated with increased lung function and decreased risk of asthma symptoms, especially in children with pre-existing respiratory illness 42. Several studies have reported increased neutrophils and eosinophils in induced sputum from competitive swimmers43 44 and frequently BHR 29 43 44. Increased LTB 4 levels in exhaled breath condensate were reported in Italian elite swimmers 45.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Eia and The Development Of Asthma In Young Prmentioning

confidence: 99%

Asthma in adolescent athletes

2011

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Athletes active in endurance sports are at an increased risk of acquiring asthma through their sports activities, especially so for cross-country skiers, biathlon skiers, swimmers and athletes of other endurance sports. Asthma may be present from early childhood or develop while in active sports. This article focuses on the physical activity and sports activities in children and adolescents. Exercise-induced asthma (EIA) is found in 8-10% of a normal child population of school age and in about 35% of children with current asthma. EIA is caused by the markedly increased ventilation during exercise, with increased heat and water loss through respiration, leading to bronchial constriction. The risk of developing asthma in the young athlete is related to the repeated daily training activity with increased epithelial damage of the airways, delayed repair due to the daily repetition of the training and increased airway mucosal inflammation. The increased environmental exposure through the sports activity to environmental agents, such as cold, dry air in skiers and chlorine compounds in swimmers, increases symptoms and signs of asthma and bronchial hyper-responsiveness, either worsening an existing asthma or leading to a novel disease in a previously healthy athlete. Several specific aspects of daily training life, environmental exposure, diagnostic procedures and aspects of treatment related to the regulations of medication use in sports need particular attention when addressing the adolescent athlete with respiratory symptoms.

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“…This is supported by the studies of children in swimming pools by BERNARD et al [30], measurements of bronchial responsiveness in adolescent Norwegian competitive swimmers [29] and increased inflammatory markers in Finnish competitive swimmers [46]. Environmental exposures differ between sports; for example, cross-country skiers are repeatedly exposed to cold air [24], and athletes training and competing on ice rinks may be exposed to nitrogen oxides from the freezing machinery and ultrafine particles from polishing machines [47], corresponding to reports of high asthma prevalence among ice-hockey players [48] and figure skaters [49].…”

Section: The Environmental Factormentioning

confidence: 55%

The breathless adolescent asthmatic athlete

Kh¹

2011

Eur Respir J

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This article concerns physical activity and sports in asthmatic adolescents. Exerciseinduced asthma (EIA) is found in 8-10% of the normal child population and in ,35% of children with current asthma, as reported in a population-based birth cohort study.The mechanisms of EIA are related to markedly increased ventilation during exercise, which causes increased heat and water loss through respiration, leading to bronchial constriction. In athletes and especially in endurance athletes, the repeated daily physical activity during training will, over time, cause epithelial damage and increase inflammation in the respiratory mucosa. With increased exposure to environmental agents, such as as cold air in skiers and chlorine compounds in swimmers, the athlete may contract symptoms and signs of asthma and bronchial hyperresponsiveness, either worsening existing asthma or causing symptoms in a previous healthy adolescent athlete.There are several causes of breathlessness in adolescents, including EIA, vocal cord dysfunction, poor physical fitness and others, which are important to consider in the diagnostic procedure.The asthmatic athlete should follow the same guidelines for treating their asthma as an ordinary asthmatic patient, with careful consideration of the special diagnostic rules given for the use of asthma drugs in sports, especially for inhaled b 2 -agonists.

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Competitive swimmers with allergic asthma show a mixed type of airway inflammation: Fig. 1—

Cited by 22 publications

References 10 publications

Swimming pool, respiratory health, and childhood asthma: Should we change our beliefs?

Swimming pool, respiratory health, and childhood asthma: Should we change our beliefs?

Asthma in adolescent athletes

The breathless adolescent asthmatic athlete

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