Complement inhibition by Sarcoptes scabiei protects Streptococcus pyogenes - An in vitro study to unravel the molecular mechanisms behind the poorly understood predilection of S. pyogenes to infect mite-induced skin lesions

Abstract

BackgroundOn a global scale scabies is one of the most common dermatological conditions, imposing a considerable economic burden on individuals, communities and health systems. There is substantial epidemiological evidence that in tropical regions scabies is often causing pyoderma and subsequently serious illness due to invasion by opportunistic bacteria. The health burden due to complicated scabies causing cellulitis, bacteraemia and sepsis, heart and kidney diseases in resource-poor communities is extreme. Co-infections of group A streptococcus (GAS) and scabies mites is a common phenomenon in the tropics. Both pathogens produce multiple complement inhibitors to overcome the host innate defence. We investigated the relative role of classical (CP), lectin (LP) and alternative pathways (AP) towards a pyodermic GAS isolate 88/30 in the presence of a scabies mite complement inhibitor, SMSB4.Methodology/Principal findingsOpsonophagocytosis assays in fresh blood showed baseline immunity towards GAS. The role of innate immunity was investigated by deposition of the first complement components of each pathway, specifically C1q, FB and MBL from normal human serum on GAS. C1q deposition was the highest followed by FB deposition while MBL deposition was undetectable, suggesting that CP and AP may be mainly activated by GAS. We confirmed this result using sera depleted of either C1q or FB, and serum deficient in MBL. Recombinant SMSB4 was produced and purified from Pichia pastoris. SMSB4 reduced the baseline immunity against GAS by decreasing the formation of CP- and AP-C3 convertases, subsequently affecting opsonisation and the release of anaphylatoxin.Conclusions/SignificanceOur results indicate that the complement-inhibitory function of SMSB4 promotes the survival of GAS in vitro and inferably in the microenvironment of the mite-infested skin. Understanding the tripartite interactions between host, parasite and microbial pathogens at a molecular level may serve as a basis to develop improved intervention strategies targeting scabies and associated bacterial infections.

Skin bacterial colonizations and superinfections in immunocompetent patients with scabies

“…It was demonstrated that scabies mites complement inhibitors, such as SMSB4, increase S. pyogenes survival rates in vitro by 2–15 fold . Furthermore, the scabies mite promotes growth of opportunistic pathogens in a porcine model …”

“…14 It was demonstrated that scabies mites complement inhibitors, such as SMSB4, increase S. pyogenes survival rates in vitro by 2-15 fold. [19][20][21] Furthermore, the scabies mite promotes growth of opportunistic pathogens in a porcine model. 20 As previously mentioned, we surprisingly found only very rare studies about skin bacterial colonizations and superinfections in immunocompetent patients with scabies living in Western countries.…”

A Review of Scabies: An Infestation More than Skin Deep

“…These bacteria have been isolated from skin burrows and mite products (faecal pellets) suggesting that mites could contribute directly to the spread of bacteria. Additionally, it has been shown that complement inhibitors produced by the scabies mite promote the growth and survival of S. pyogenes in vitro, with the suggestion that this may also apply to mite-infested skin in vivo [27]. The presence of scabies is associated with an increased risk of impetigo.…”

Tackling scabies: novel agents for a neglected disease

“…Multiple other uncharacterized antigens with immunomodulatory properties also play a role in reducing the immune response. These may be essential for evasion of host response and parasitism of the epidermis and, thus, open new avenues for vaccine development 44,46,[49][50][51].…”