Complementary explanation of temperature response in the lower atmosphere

Esau, Igor; Davy, Richard; Outten, Stephen

doi:10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/044026

Cited by 42 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Summertime surface air temperatures increased only weakly in central and southern NWS (Shulgina et al, 2011;Ippolitov et al, 2014) likely being damped by increasing cloud cover (Tang and Leng, 2012;Esau et al, 2012). The temperature trends in the winter months were negative (Cohen et al, 2012;Outten and Esau, 2011;Outten et al, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) associated with urban development in northern West Siberia

Esau¹,

Miles²,

Davy³

et al. 2016

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. Exploration and exploitation of oil and gas reserves of northern West Siberia has promoted rapid industrialization and urban development in the region. This development leaves significant footprints on the sensitive northern environment, which is already stressed by the global warming. This study reports the region-wide changes in the vegetation cover as well as the corresponding changes in and around 28 selected urbanized areas. The study utilizes the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from highresolution (250 m) MODIS data acquired for summer months (June through August) over 15 years (2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014). The results reveal the increase of NDVI (or "greening") over the northern (tundra and tundra-forest) part of the region. Simultaneously, the southern, forested part shows the widespread decrease of NDVI (or "browning"). These region-wide patterns are, however, highly fragmented. The statistically significant NDVI trends occupy only a small fraction of the region. Urbanization destroys the vegetation cover within the developed areas and at about 5-10 km distance around them. The studied urbanized areas have the NDVI values by 15 to 45 % lower than the corresponding areas at 20-40 km distance. The largest NDVI reduction is typical for the newly developed areas, whereas the older areas show recovery of the vegetation cover. The study reveals a robust indication of the accelerated greening near the older urban areas. Many Siberian cities become greener even against the wider browning trends at their background. Literature discussion suggests that the observed urban greening could be associated not only with special tending of the within-city green areas but also with the urban heat islands and succession of more productive shrub and tree species growing on warmer sandy soils.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) associated with urban development in northern West Siberia

Esau¹,

Miles²,

Davy³

et al. 2016

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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“…A certain heat input results in a larger temperature increase in a shallow than in a deep ABL. As the ABL is typically shallow in the Arctic, this may have contributed to the Arctic amplification of climate warming (Esau and Zilitinkevich, 2010;Esau et al, 2012). It is, however, not a positive feedback, as heating of the ABL tends to increase its thickness.…”

Section: Feedback Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in understanding and parameterization of small-scale physical processes in the marine Arctic climate system: a review

et al. 2014

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Abstract. The Arctic climate system includes numerous highly interactive small-scale physical processes in the atmosphere, sea ice, and ocean. During and since the International Polar Year 2007-2009, significant advances have been made in understanding these processes. Here, these recent advances are reviewed, synthesized, and discussed. In atmospheric physics, the primary advances have been in cloud physics, radiative transfer, mesoscale cyclones, coastal, and fjordic processes as well as in boundary layer processes and surface fluxes. In sea ice and its snow cover, advances have been made in understanding of the surface albedo and its relationships with snow properties, the internal structure of sea ice, the heat and salt transfer in ice, the formation of superimposed ice and snow ice, and the small-scale dynamics of sea ice. For the ocean, significant advances have been related to exchange processes at the ice-ocean interface, diapycnal mixing, double-diffusive convection, tidal currents and diurnal resonance. Despite this recent progress, some of these small-scale physical processes are still not sufficiently understood: these include wave-turbulence interactions in the atmosphere and ocean, the exchange of heat and salt at the ice-ocean interface, and the mechanical weakening of sea ice. Many other processes are reasonably well understood as stand-alone processes but the challenge is to understand their interactions with and impacts and feedbacks on other processes. Uncertainty in the parameterization of small-scale processes continues to be among the greatest challenges facing climate modelling, particularly in high latitudes. Further improvements in parameterization require new year-round field campaigns on the Arctic sea ice, closely combined with satellite remote sensing studies and numerical model experiments.

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“…Under recent climate conditions, melt ponds predominantly develop in the continental shelf regions and in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Use of melt pond parameterizations, compared to classical albedo formulations with either no or only very simplistic recognition of melt ponds, lead to systematically reduced albedos, enhanced sea ice melt, reduced summer ice thickness and concentration (Karlsson and Svensson, 2013;Roeckner et al, 2012;Flocco et al, 2012) and contribute about 1 W m −2 to the forcing of ice melt .…”

Section: Snow and Freezing/melting Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It may also partly explain the fact that the Arctic warming has been larger in winter than summer (e.g. Walsh et al, 2011) and that global warming has been larger during the night than during the day (Graversen and Wang, 2009;Esau et al, 2012). The stronger near-surface cooling of the Arctic compared to global temperatures during 1940-1970(Chylek et al, 2009) may also have been affected by the smaller heat capacity of the thin ABL in the Arctic.…”

Section: Vertical Profile Of Arctic Warmingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances in understanding the Arctic climate system state and change from a sea ice perspective: a review

2014

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Abstract. Sea ice is the central component and most sensitive indicator of the Arctic climate system. Both the depletion and areal decline of the Arctic sea ice cover, observed since the 1970s, have accelerated since the millennium. While the relationship of global warming to sea ice reduction is evident and underpinned statistically, it is the connecting mechanisms that are explored in detail in this review.Sea ice erodes both from the top and the bottom. Atmospheric, oceanic and sea ice processes interact in nonlinear ways on various scales. Feedback mechanisms lead to an Arctic amplification of the global warming system: the amplification is both supported by the ice depletion and, at the same time, accelerates ice reduction. Knowledge of the mechanisms of sea ice decline grew during the 1990s and This article reviews recent progress in understanding the sea ice decline. Processes are revisited from atmospheric, oceanic and sea ice perspectives. There is strong evidence that decisive atmospheric changes are the major driver of sea ice change. Feedbacks due to reduced ice concentration, surface albedo, and ice thickness allow for additional local atmospheric and oceanic influences and self-supporting feedbacks. Large-scale ocean influences on Arctic Ocean hydrology and circulation are highly evident. Northward heat fluxes in the ocean are clearly impacting the ice margins, especially in the Atlantic sector of the Arctic. There is little indication of a direct and decisive influence of the warming ocean on the overall sea ice cover, due to an isolating layer of cold and fresh water underneath the sea ice.

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Complementary explanation of temperature response in the lower atmosphere

Cited by 42 publications

References 34 publications

Trends in normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) associated with urban development in northern West Siberia

Trends in normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) associated with urban development in northern West Siberia

Advances in understanding and parameterization of small-scale physical processes in the marine Arctic climate system: a review

Recent advances in understanding the Arctic climate system state and change from a sea ice perspective: a review

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