Complete Breast Cancer Detection and Monitoring System by Using Microwave Textile Based Antenna Sensors

Abstract

This paper presents the development of a new complete wearable system for detecting breast tumors based on fully textile antenna-based sensors. The proposed sensor is compact and fully made of textiles so that it fits conformably and comfortably on the breasts with dimensions of 24 × 45 × 0.17 mm3 on a cotton substrate. The proposed antenna sensor is fed with a coplanar waveguide feed for easy integration with other systems. It realizes impedance bandwidth from 1.6 GHz up to 10 GHz at |S11| ≤ −6 dB (VSWR ≤ 3) and from 1.8 to 2.4 GHz and from 4 up to 10 GHz at |S11| ≤ −10 dB (VSWR ≤ 2). The proposed sensor acquires a low specific absorption rate (SAR) of 0.55 W/kg and 0.25 W/kg at 1g and 10 g, respectively, at 25 dBm power level over the operating band. Furthermore, the proposed system utilizes machine-learning algorithms (MLA) to differentiate between malignant tumor and benign breast tissues. Simulation examples have been recorded to verify and validate machine-learning algorithms in detecting tumors at different sizes of 10 mm and 20 mm, respectively. The classification accuracy reached 100% on the tested dataset when considering |S21| parameter features. The proposed system is vision as a “Smart Bra” that is capable of providing an easy interface for women who require continuous breast monitoring in the comfort of their homes.

A Comparative Study of Narrow/Ultra-Wideband Microwave Sensors for the Continuous Monitoring of Vital Signs and Lung Water Level

“…Narrow band antennas, on the other hand, operate at a fixed frequency, allowing them to provide highly accurate measurements with a low error rate. Both types of antennas have been used in various applications, including wearable devices and healthcare systems [ 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ]. Several studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of UWB and NB antennas for vital sign detection [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ], paving the way for their widespread use in healthcare and wellness monitoring applications.…”

Circularly Polarized Textile Sensors for Microwave-Based Smart Bra Monitoring System

“…This technique is not very practical as it is challenging to realize robustness to stretching and resilience to high temperatures. Several textile antennas have been reported in the literature for medical applications [ 8 , 10 , 14 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ], with few of them targeting microwave imaging applications. Most of them operate in the band from 1 to 10 GHz.…”

“…The proposed circularly polarized sensor is a continuation of the work in [ 30 ] to develop a Smart Bra, as shown in Figure 1 . In [ 30 ], a textile-based sensor is presented as a linearly polarized microstrip antenna and has an impedance bandwidth from 1.8 to 2.4 GHz and from 4 up to 10 GHz at |S 11 | ≤ −10 dB. By enabling circularly polarized output, a new monitoring indicator, axial ratio, is added.…”

A tapered feed UWB-MIMO antenna with high characteristics based on fractal method

“…The literature [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] has presented several modified proposals for ultra-wideband technologies. A small UWB antenna with an impedance bandwidth of 10.354 GHz and a pick gain of 4.7 dBi for a variety of applications was reported by the researchers in [11].…”

“…The frequency band response of this antenna, which has a size of 29 ×26.6 mm 2 and a bandwidth ratio of 2.7, is 3.7 to 10 GHz. Reference [13] describes another microwave antenna sensor that is made on a cotton substrate to monitor breast cancer and has a measured maximum gain of 3.5 dBi for a UWB antenna with a 24 × 45 mm 2 area. However, the measured gain of the design is inconsistent with the anticipated broadband operation.…”