Complete chloroplast genome of the grain Chenopodium quinoa Willd., an important economical and dietary plant

Abstract

The grain Chenopodium quinoa Willd. is the main traditional food of Inca aboriginal, which was a native grain in South American Andes Mountains, the edible and cultivation history of which has been more than five thousand years. In this study, we sequenced the complete chloroplast genome of C. quinoa on the Illumina platform by shotgun genome skimming method. The complete chloroplast genome of C. quinoa was 152,087 bp in length with the GC content 37.2%, which was comprised of a large single copy (LSC) region of 83,570 bp, a small single copy (SSC) region of 18,107 bp, and a pair of inverted repeats (IRA/IRB) of 25,205 bp. The chloroplast genome encoded 133 genes including 88 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes and eight rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis constructed using the maximum likelihood (ML) method strongly supported the monophyly of each genus in the family Chenopodiaceae, and the genus Chenopodium is sister to Spinacia as a cluster, which closely grouped to Dysphania.

Current trends and prospects in quinoa research: An approach for strategic knowledge areas

“…Regarding traditional breeding (hybridization, interspecific crosses, selection, and mutagenesis), based on gene banks biodiversity, the focus is on key objectives such as yield, selection traits, broad versus narrow adaptation, agronomic characteristics, resistance to abiotic and biotic factors, and end‐use quality (Murphy et al., 2019 ). Consequently, afford issues, like the identity of the crop, conservation of accessions, mobilization of sustainable utilization, and equity, require scanning and monitoring drivers and barriers related to: Genome sequencing for accelerating breeding and genetic enhancement focused on shorter plants with fewer branches, compact seed heads, sweet phenotypes introgression, and reducing saponin content in gene pool (Gao et al., 2021 ). Enhancing adaptability through wild relatives (both diploid and tetraploid) like coastal Chilean quinoa accession (PI 614886), Bolivian Real variety, the C. berlandieri ecotype from the northern Gulf of Mexico (var.…”

“…Genome sequencing for accelerating breeding and genetic enhancement focused on shorter plants with fewer branches, compact seed heads, sweet phenotypes introgression, and reducing saponin content in gene pool (Gao et al., 2021 ).…”

Plastid genome of Chenopodium petiolare from Trujillo, Peru

“…In recent years, declining genome sequencing costs resulted in more than 790 complete plant genomes of different species becoming available [ 6 , 7 ]. Recently, some Chenopodium plastid genomes such as Chenopodium acuminatum [ 8 ], Chenopodium album [ 9 ], Chenopodium quinoa [ 10 ], Chenopodium ficifolium [ 11 ], became publicly available. However, despite the few genetic data available, we have only begun to investigate the genomics of native grains of great importance for plant breeding programs.…”

“…A phylogenetic ML tree was reconstructed and edited using MEGA (version 11) [ 24 ] with 1000 replicates. The phylogenetic tree illustrated that Chenopodium petiolare is closely related to Chenopodium quinoa [ 10 ].

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Phenotypic and genotypic resources for the USDA quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) genebank accessions

“…Quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa Willd. ), a dicotyledonous annual species of the Amaranthaceae (formerly Chenopodiaceae) family (Rojas et al., 2009), is a highly nutritious grain crop, native to the Andean region of South America, and has been cultivated for thousands of years as the main pseudo‐cereal by indigenous cultures of the Andean Cordillera (Bazile et al, 2016; Gao et al, 2021; Jacobsen, 2003; Risi & Galwey, 1989; Yang et al, 2019). It is a nutritious grain with balanced nutrient levels and elevated protein content (14%–22%) (Fairbanks et al., 1990; Repo‐Carrasco et al, 2003) and, unlike true cereals, does not lack lysine.…”