“…In response, either an active or a passive approach can be taken. Passive fault detection methods rely solely on the measurements accrued during normal operation, compared with model predictions or historical data, and are now quite mature; e.g., residual and observer-based methods [1], [4], set-based approaches [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], and many more [11], [12], [13]. In contrast, the active approach involves injecting a signal into the system to improve detectability of the fault [14], [15], [16], [17].…”