Complete Genes May Pass from Food to Human Blood

Spisák, Sándor; Solymosi, Norbert; Ittzés, Péter; Bodor, András; Kondor, Dániel; Vattay, Gábor; Barták, Barbara Kinga; Sípos, Ferenc; Galamb, Orsolya; Tulassay, Zsolt; Szállási, Zoltán; Rasmussen, Simon; Sicheritz-Pontén, Thomas; Brunak, Søren; Molnár, Béla; Csabai, István

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069805

Cited by 59 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…During digestion this DNA may pass through the gut wall (barrier) un- or only partly digested, thus appearing in the circulation (or perhaps other tissues) from where bat ticks can take it up with their blood meal. In support of this possibility, it has recently been verified that meal-derived DNA fragments (even long ones) can avoid degradation and through not-yet-known mechanisms enter the circulation, at least in humans [52]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

DNA of Piroplasms of Ruminants and Dogs in Ixodid Bat Ticks

Hornok¹,

Szőke²,

Kováts³

et al. 2016

PLoS ONE

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In this study 308 ticks (Ixodes ariadnae: 26 larvae, 14 nymphs, five females; I. vespertilionis: 89 larvae, 27 nymphs, eight females; I. simplex: 80 larvae, 50 nymphs, nine females) have been collected from 200 individuals of 17 bat species in two countries, Hungary and Romania. After DNA extraction these ticks were molecularly analysed for the presence of piroplasm DNA. In Hungary I. ariadnae was most frequently identified from bat species in the family Vespertilionidae, whereas I. vespertilionis was associated with Rhinolophidae. Ixodes ariadnae was not found in Romania. Four, four and one new bat host species of I. ariadnae, I. vespertilionis and I. simplex were identified, respectively. DNA sequences of piroplasms were detected in 20 bat ticks (15 larvae, four nymphs and one female). I. simplex carried piroplasm DNA sequences significantly more frequently than I. vespertilionis. In I. ariadnae only Babesia vesperuginis DNA was detected, whereas in I. vespertilionis sequences of both B. vesperuginis and B. crassa. From I. simplex the DNA of B. canis, Theileria capreoli, T. orientalis and Theileria sp. OT3 were amplified, as well as a shorter sequence of the zoonotic B. venatorum. Bat ticks are not known to infest dogs or ruminants, i.e. typical hosts and reservoirs of piroplasms molecularly identified in I. vespertilionis and I. simplex. Therefore, DNA sequences of piroplasms detected in these bat ticks most likely originated from the blood of their respective bat hosts. This may indicate either that bats are susceptible to a broader range of piroplasms than previously thought, or at least the DNA of piroplasms may pass through the gut barrier of bats during digestion of relevant arthropod vectors. In light of these findings, the role of bats in the epidemiology of piroplasmoses deserves further investigation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

DNA of Piroplasms of Ruminants and Dogs in Ixodid Bat Ticks

Hornok¹,

Szőke²,

Kováts³

et al. 2016

PLoS ONE

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“…It is not only human cells that shed their nucleic acids into the blood: DNA from plant-based foods has been detected (15), and other life forms such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi release their DNA and RNA into the blood, a phenomenon which has been exploited to determine the presence of infectious disease (12,16) and to measure alterations of the virome due to pharmacological immunosuppression (17). There are roughly an order of magnitude more nonhuman cells than nucleated human cells in the body (18,19); combining this observation with the average genome sizes of a human, bacterium, and virus (Gb, Mb, and kb, respectively) suggests that approximately 1% of DNA by mass in a human is derived from nonhost origins.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerous uncharacterized and highly divergent microbes which colonize humans are revealed by circulating cell-free DNA

Kowarsky

Camunas-Soler

Kertesz

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

161

141

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Blood circulates throughout the human body and contains molecules drawn from virtually every tissue, including the microbes and viruses which colonize the body. Through massive shotgun sequencing of circulating cell-free DNA from the blood, we identified hundreds of new bacteria and viruses which represent previously unidentified members of the human microbiome. Analyzing cumulative sequence data from 1,351 blood samples collected from 188 patients enabled us to assemble 7,190 contiguous regions (contigs) larger than 1 kbp, of which 3,761 are novel with little or no sequence homology in any existing databases. The vast majority of these novel contigs possess coding sequences, and we have validated their existence both by finding their presence in independent experiments and by performing direct PCR amplification. When their nearest neighbors are located in the tree of life, many of the organisms represent entirely novel taxa, showing that microbial diversity within the human body is substantially broader than previously appreciated.

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“…Animal and human feeding studies have demonstrated that fragmented dietary DNA may resist the digestive process (Rizzi et al, 2012) and even complete genes can transgress the gut barrier (Spisák et al, 2013). Taking into account this scenario, the present findings might imply that bats have access to free-living bodonids and at least the DNA of bodonids might pass through the oropharyngeal or gastrointestinal mucosa of bats into their circulation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 67%

DNA of free-living bodonids (Euglenozoa: Kinetoplastea) in bat ectoparasites: potential relevance to the evolution of parasitic trypanosomatids

Szőke

Sándor

Boldogh

et al. 2017

Acta Veterinaria Hungarica

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Kinetoplastids are flagellated protozoa, including principally free-living bodonids and exclusively parasitic trypanosomatids. In the most species-rich genus, Trypanosoma, more than thirty species were found to infect bats worldwide. Bat trypanosomes are also known to have played a significant role in the evolution of T. cruzi, a species with high veterinary medical significance. Although preliminary data attested the occurrence of bat trypanosomes in Hungary, these were never sought for with molecular methods. Therefore, amplification of an approx. 900-bp fragment of the 18S rRNA gene of kinetoplastids was attempted from 307 ixodid and 299 argasid ticks collected from bats, and from 207 cimicid bugs collected from or near bats in Hungary and Romania. Three samples, one per each bat ectoparasite group, were PCR positive. Sequencing revealed the presence of DNA from free-living bodonids (Bodo saltans and neobodonids), but no trypanosomes were detected. The most likely source of bodonid DNA detected here in engorged bat ectoparasites is the blood of their bat hosts. However, how bodonids were acquired by bats, can only be speculated. Bats are known to drink from

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Complete Genes May Pass from Food to Human Blood

Cited by 59 publications

References 36 publications

DNA of Piroplasms of Ruminants and Dogs in Ixodid Bat Ticks

DNA of Piroplasms of Ruminants and Dogs in Ixodid Bat Ticks

Numerous uncharacterized and highly divergent microbes which colonize humans are revealed by circulating cell-free DNA

DNA of free-living bodonids (Euglenozoa: Kinetoplastea) in bat ectoparasites: potential relevance to the evolution of parasitic trypanosomatids

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