Complete Genome Sequence of a Mosaic NADC30-Like Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in China

Wang, Linjian; Guo, Zhenhua; Qiao, Songlin; Chen, Xinxin; Zhang, Gaiping

doi:10.1128/genomea.01428-16

Cited by 16 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The dramatic increase in the recombination rate since 2015 may be attributable to the wide spread of NADC30-like strains (Figure 2; Yu et al, 2012;Sui et al, 2018;Zhou et al, 2018a,c;. It was difficult to identify the characteristic regions of recombination in the PRRSV genome in this research and other studies (Yuan et al, 1999;Wang L. J. et al, 2016;Liu et al, 2017;Zhou et al, 2018b,c;Zhang W. L. et al, 2019). Evidences showed that recombination can changefv PRRSV virulence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Genetic Diversity of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) From 1996 to 2017 in China

Jiang

et al. 2020

Front. Microbiol.

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Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most devastating diseases of the global swine industry. The causative agent porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) was first isolated in China in 1996 and has evolved quickly during the last two decades. To fully understand virus diversity, epidemic situation in the field, and make future predictions, a total of 365 PRRSV strains were used for evolution and genome analysis in which 353 strains were isolated from mainland China. The results showed that high diversity was found among PRRSV isolates. Total PRRSV isolates could be divided into eight subgroups. Among these subgroups strains, Original HP-PRRSV, NADC30-like, and Intermediate PRRSV were the major epidemic PRRSV strains circling in the field and would play a major role in PRRS epidemic in the future. Deletions, insertions, and recombinations have occurred frequently in the PRRSV genome. Deletions were the main driving force of viral evolution before 2006 and may also contribute further to the virus' evolution in a relatively closed or low strain diversity circumstance. The recombinant strains could be divided into three groups: the Inner group, Extensional group, and Propagating group. The evolutionary directions of the isolates in the Extensional and Propagating groups have changed, and the routes of recombination in the Propagating group were analyzed and sorted into three types. The increases in recombinant strains and high rates of recombination in recent years indicate that recombination has played a very important role in the virus' evolution. Isolates, which incorporate the advantages of their parental strains, will influence PRRSV evolution and make adverse effects on PRRS control in the future.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Genetic Diversity of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) From 1996 to 2017 in China

Jiang

et al. 2020

Front. Microbiol.

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“…First, the complete genome sequences of NADC30‐like PRRSV strains show high genetic diversity and their homology is approximately 86%–97.1% (Liu et al., ), which is far below that of HP‐PRRSVs (over 99%). Second, recombination is widely visible, which generates many mosaic viruses between the NADC30 virus and the classic PRRSV, HP‐PRRSV or both (Li et al., ; Wang, Guo, Qiao, Chen, & Zhang, ). Third, the pathogenicity in piglets is diverse between the different strains, although most show moderate virulence (Bian et al., ; Sun et al., ; Zhang et al., ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A natural recombinant PRRSV between HP-PRRSV JXA1-like and NADC30-like strains

Wang

Liu

Tang

et al. 2018

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a major economically significant pathogen that has adversely affected China's swine industry. Currently, a novel type 2 PRRSV, called the NADC30-like strain, is epidemic in numerous provinces of China, and commercial vaccines provide limited protection for infected animals. The extensive recombination phenomenon among NADC30-like PRRSVs is identified as a unique molecular characteristic of the virus. However, our understanding of how recombination influences NADC30-like PRRSVs is largely inadequate. In this study, we analysed the genetic characteristics of a recombinant NADC30-like PRRSV (SC-d) and examined its pathogenicity compared with a non-recombinant NADC30-like PRRSV (SD-A19) and a highly pathogenic PRRSV (HuN4). SC-d has three discontinuous deletions in nsp2, consistent with NADC30 isolated from the United States in 2008. Furthermore, we identified four recombination breakpoints in the SC-d genome, which separated the SC-d genome into four regions (regions A, B, C and D). Regions A and C are closely related to the JXA1-like strain, one of the earliest Chinese HP-PRRSV strains, and regions B and D are closely related to the NADC30 strain. Moreover, SC-d inoculated piglets exhibited a persistent fever, moderate weight loss, mild thymus atrophy and obvious microscopic lung lesions. In summary, the recombinant NADC30-like PRRSV SC-d strain displayed a higher pathogenicity than the non-recombinant NADC30-like PRRSV SD-A19 strain; however, the pathogenicity of the NADC30-like PRRSV SC-d was lower compared with the HP-PRRSV HuN4 strain in piglets. Our findings demonstrate that recombination is responsible for the enormous genetic diversity and pathogenicity variance of the NADC30-like PRRSV in China. This study provides a theoretical basis for developing a more reasonable PRRSV control and prevention strategy.

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“…The recombination of PRRSV was first confirmed in the laboratory using two different PRRSV strains to co-infect MA-104 cells [ 149 ]. Since then, numerous field isolates with the characterization of recombination among field strains and MLVs have been recognized [ 150 , 151 , 152 , 153 , 154 ]. Based on our continual monitoring on field isolates and recombination analyses on all available whole genomic sequence of Chinese PRRSV-2 in the GenBank database, we found that during the year 2012 to 2017, the ratio of recombined virus significantly increased year by year, which is consistent with the results currently published by Jiang et al [ 121 ].…”

Section: Concerns About MLV Safetymentioning

confidence: 99%

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Modified Live Virus Vaccine: A “Leaky” Vaccine with Debatable Efficacy and Safety

Zhou

Yang

2021

Vaccines

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Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) caused by the PRRS virus (PRRSV) is one of the most economically important diseases, that has significantly impacted the global pork industry for over three decades, since it was first recognized in the United States in the late 1980s. Attributed to the PRRSV extensive genetic and antigenic variation and rapid mutability and evolution, nearly worldwide epidemics have been sustained by a set of emerging and re-emerging virus strains. Since the first modified live virus (MLV) vaccine was commercially available, it has been widely used for more than 20 years, for preventing and controlling PRRS. On the one hand, MLV can induce a protective immune response against homologous viruses by lightening the clinical signs of pigs and reducing the virus transmission in the affected herd, as well as helping to cost-effectively increase the production performance on pig farms affected by heterologous viruses. On the other hand, MLV can still replicate in the host, inducing viremia and virus shedding, and it fails to confer sterilizing immunity against PRRSV infection, that may accelerate viral mutation or recombination to adapt the host and to escape from the immune response, raising the risk of reversion to virulence. The unsatisfied heterologous cross-protection and safety issue of MLV are two debatable characterizations, which raise the concerns that whether it is necessary or valuable to use this leaky vaccine to protect the field viruses with a high probability of being heterologous. To provide better insights into the immune protection and safety related to MLV, recent advances and opinions on PRRSV attenuation, protection efficacy, immunosuppression, recombination, and reversion to virulence are reviewed here, hoping to give a more comprehensive recognition on MLV and to motivate scientific inspiration on novel strategies and approaches of developing the next generation of PRRS vaccine.

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Complete Genome Sequence of a Mosaic NADC30-Like Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in China

Cited by 16 publications

References 4 publications

Genetic Diversity of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) From 1996 to 2017 in China

Genetic Diversity of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) From 1996 to 2017 in China

A natural recombinant PRRSV between HP-PRRSV JXA1-like and NADC30-like strains

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Modified Live Virus Vaccine: A “Leaky” Vaccine with Debatable Efficacy and Safety

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