Complete genome sequence of the sugarcane nitrogen-fixing endophyte Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus Pal5

Abstract

BackgroundGluconacetobacter diazotrophicus Pal5 is an endophytic diazotrophic bacterium that lives in association with sugarcane plants. It has important biotechnological features such as nitrogen fixation, plant growth promotion, sugar metabolism pathways, secretion of organic acids, synthesis of auxin and the occurrence of bacteriocins.ResultsGluconacetobacter diazotrophicus Pal5 is the third diazotrophic endophytic bacterium to be completely sequenced. Its genome is composed of a 3.9 Mb chromosome and 2 plasmids of 16.6 and 38.8 kb, respectively. We annotated 3,938 coding sequences which reveal several characteristics related to the endophytic lifestyle such as nitrogen fixation, plant growth promotion, sugar metabolism, transport systems, synthesis of auxin and the occurrence of bacteriocins. Genomic analysis identified a core component of 894 genes shared with phylogenetically related bacteria. Gene clusters for gum-like polysaccharide biosynthesis, tad pilus, quorum sensing, for modulation of plant growth by indole acetic acid and mechanisms involved in tolerance to acidic conditions were identified and may be related to the sugarcane endophytic and plant-growth promoting traits of G. diazotrophicus. An accessory component of at least 851 genes distributed in genome islands was identified, and was most likely acquired by horizontal gene transfer. This portion of the genome has likely contributed to adaptation to the plant habitat.ConclusionThe genome data offer an important resource of information that can be used to manipulate plant/bacterium interactions with the aim of improving sugarcane crop production and other biotechnological applications.

Ethanol Production in Brazil: The Industrial Process and Its Impact on Yeast Fermentation

“…and Herbaspirillum spp., Gluconacetobacter diazotropicus) have been discovered in both sugar cane and in maize. It has been suggested that at least 60 % of the plant's nitrogen requirement, is supplied endogenously when sugar cane is grown in low fertility soil (James and Olivares, 1997;Boddley, 1995;Wheals et al, 1999;Bertalan et al, 2009). As nitrogen fertilizers are quite expensive and require huge amounts of fossil energy for its production, sugar cane presents economic and environmental benefits when compared to other crops.…”

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“…It was traditionally thought that endophytic bacteria cause mild diseases in plants, but recent research has proved that these bacteria can improve plant growth and increase their resistance against plant pathogens (Berg, 2009). The most predominant and studied endophytes belong to three major phyla (Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Firmicutes) and include members of Azoarcus (Krause et al, 2006), Acetobacter (Bertalan et al, 2009), Bacillus (Deng et al, 2011), Enterobacter (Taghavi et al, 2010), Pseudomonas (Taghavi et al, 2009), and Stenotrophomonas (Ryan et al, 2008). Endophytic and rhizospheric bacteria improve plant growth through several mechanisms.…”

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“…Soil holds large amounts of phosphate, yet it is found in insoluble form. Some PGPR are reported to solubilize the phosphate in the soil through acidiication, chelation, or enzymatically [1 ] Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus is a PGPR native to sugarcane that has the property to solubilize phosphate via acidiication [20].…”