Complete hunting cycle of Dionaea muscipula: Consecutive steps and their electrical properties

Memristors in plants

“…[14][15][16][17][18] The activation of these circuits can lead to various physiological and biochemical responses. [19][20][21][22][23][24][25] The cells of many biological organs generate electric potentials that can result in the flow of electric currents 14,26,27 and propagation of action potentials. The Hodgkin-Huxley axon model describing action potentials is based on voltage gated channels.…”

Plants on the move: Towards common mechanisms governing mechanically-induced plant movements

“…48 As in legume pulvini, the movement of the Venus flytrap lobes is caused by changes in cell volume of opposing tissue groups by differential water flow linked to ion fluxes. 45 Nevertheless, despite the fact that researchers have investigated the mechanisms by which the trap closes so fast, only in the past 6 y, the dynamic of the movement started to become more clear, notably thanks to Forterre et al and Volkov et al 43,44,46,[50][51][52][53] Forterre et al divided the Venus flytrap movement into two components: an active biochemical component, pertinent to the mechanisms causing microscopic changes, and a passive elastic component, which is the macroscopic closing process determined by the doubly-curved leaf. A difference in turgor pressure constantly maintained between the upper and the lower cell layers of the leaf provides elastic curvature energy storage locked in the leaves.…”

“…43 More recently, the total hunting cycle of the Venus flytrap was defined as consisting of five different states: open, closed, locked, constriction/ digestion and semi-open. 46 When opened, the trap has a convex shape and in the other phases, the trap changes its curvature to a concave format. 46 D. muscipula can also perceive artificial electrical signals and can be stimulated to close the trap with the same speed as when mechanical stimulation is applied.…”

“…46 When opened, the trap has a convex shape and in the other phases, the trap changes its curvature to a concave format. 46 D. muscipula can also perceive artificial electrical signals and can be stimulated to close the trap with the same speed as when mechanical stimulation is applied. 44,50 Furthermore, it was demonstrated that this plant has a short-term electrical memory by the fact that it can accumulate previously applied small electrical charges, closing the trap when a threshold value is reached.…”

“…44 The leaves snap together in a fraction of a second confining the insect, but maintaining the angle between the lobes and the middle of the midrib. 45,46 Analyzing the ultrastructure of the trigger hairs, three metabolic active cell regions could be distinguished: indentation, anticlinal and podium. 47,48 The cells …”