Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Asiatic lion (<i>Panthera leo persica</i>)

The mitochondrial genome of Indian mouse deer (Moschiola indica) was sequenced, assembled and characterized for the first time using 22 pairs of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers. The mitogenome of M. indica which is 16,444 bp in size was found very similar to most vertebrates in organisation that harbours 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA, 2 ribosomal RNA and 1A + T-rich region. Its comparison with over 52 mitogenomes of the order Artiodactyla, showed a conserved nature of gene organisation, codon usage, gene orientation and evolutionary rates of proteins except that M. indica possesses an extra copy of trnF. The complete mitogenome and protein-coding genes of M. indica were found to be highly A + T biased. Rate of protein evolution was highest in atp8 and lowest in cox3. Further, a higher purifying selection pressure was found to be acting on family Tragulidae compared to Bovidae and Cervidae. The phylogenetic analysis of M. indica placed the Tragulidae as sister-group of all other ruminants, similar to previous analyses. Moschiola forms the sister-group to the other two tragulid genera Tragulus (from Asia) and Hyemoschus (from Africa), which is unexpected as usually the Asian species are thought to form a monophyletic group.

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“…Panthera leo persica (KU234271) 77 was used as an outgroup. The thirteen concatenated nucleotide sequences of PCGs were aligned with MEGA 6.06.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the complete mitogenome of Indian Mouse Deer, Moschiola indica (Artiodactyla: Tragulidae) and its evolutionary significance

Sarvani

Parmar

Tabasum

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

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“…Based on previous DNA analysis [5], the nine subspecies recognized in 1996 are; Panthera pardus pardus (Linnaeus, 1758): Africa, Panthera pardus nimr (Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833): Arabia, Panthera pardus saxicolour (Pocock, 1927): Central Asia, Panthera pardus melas (Cuvier, 1809): Java, Panthera pardus fusca (Meyer, 1794): Indian sub-continent, Panthera pardus delacourii (Pocock, 1930): southeast Asia into southern China, Panthera pardus japonensis (Gray, 1862): northern China, Panthera pardus orientalis (Schlegel, 1857): Russian Far East, the Korean peninsula and north-eastern China and Panthera pardus kotiya (Deraniyagala, 1956): Sri Lanka, this subspecies is endemic to the island [1,6]. In addition, the leopard populations consist of significant genetic and morphological variation, and in many cases, genetic patterns do not correspond to geographical variation recorded for the particular subspecies [1,[7][8][9][10][11]. Among them, melanistic leopard forms occur throughout their range, mostly in humid and dense areas [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A unique single nucleotide polymorphism in Agouti Signalling Protein (ASIP) gene changes coat colour of Sri Lankan leopard (Panthera pardus kotiya) to dark black

Sooriyabandara,

Bandaranayake,

Hathurusinghe

et al. 2023

PLoS ONE

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The Sri Lankan leopard (Panthera pardus kotiya) is an endangered subspecies restricted to isolated and fragmented populations in Sri Lanka. Among them, melanistic leopards have been recorded on a few occasions. Literature suggests the evolution of melanism several times in the Felidae family, with three species having distinct mutations. Nevertheless, the mutations or other variations in the remaining species, including Sri Lankan melanistic leopard, are unknown. We used reference-based assembled nuclear genomes of Sri Lankan wild type and melanistic leopards and de novo assembled mitogenomes of the same to investigate the genetic basis, adaptive significance, and evolutionary history of the Sri Lankan melanistic leopard. Interestingly, we identified a single nucleotide polymorphism in exon-4 Sri Lankan melanistic leopard, which may completely ablate Agouti Signalling Protein (ASIP) function. The wild type leopards in Sri Lanka did not carry this mutation, suggesting the cause for the occurrence of melanistic leopords in the population. Comparative analysis of existing genomic data in the literature suggests it as a P. p. kotiya specific mutation and a novel mutation in the ASIP-gene of the Felidae family, contributing to naturally occurring colour polymorphism. Our data suggested the coalescence time of Sri Lankan leopards at ~0.5 million years, sisters to the Panthera pardus lineage. The genetic diversity was low in Sri Lankan leopards. Further, the P. p. kotiya melanistic leopard is a different morphotype of the P. p. kotiya wildtype leopard resulting from the mutation in the ASIP-gene. The ability of black leopards to camouflage, along with the likelihood of recurrence and transfer to future generations, suggests that this rare mutation could be environment-adaptable.

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“…Based on some DNA analysis, the nine subspecies recognized in Russian Far East, the Korean peninsula and north-eastern China and Panthera pardus kotiya (Deraniyagala, 1956): Sri Lanka, this subspecies is endemic to the island (1,5). In addition, the leopard populations consist of significant genetic and morphological variation across, and in many cases, genetic patterns do not correspond to geographical variation recorded for the particular subspecies (1,(6)(7)(8)(9)(10). Among them, melanistic leopard forms occur throughout its range, mostly in humid areas (11).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A unique single nucleotide polymorphism in Agouti Signalling Protein (ASIP) gene changes coat colour of Sri Lankan Leopard (Panthera pardus kotiya) to dark black

Bandaranayake

Sooriyabandara²,

Bandaranayake

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The Sri Lankan Leopard ( Panthera pardus kotiya ) is an endangered subspecies restricted to isolated and fragmented populations in Sri Lanka. Among them, the melanistic leopards have been recorded on rare occasions. The existing literature suggests that melanism evolved several times in the Felidae family, with three separate species revealing distinct mutations. Nevertheless, the mutations in the remaining species, including Sri Lankan black leopard, are unknown. We used reference-based assembled the nuclear genomes of Sri Lankan normal and black leopard and de novo assembled mitogenomes of the same to investigate the genetic basis, adaptive significance, and evolutionary history of the Sri Lankan black leopard. Our data suggested coalescence time of Sri Lankan regular and black leopards at ~0.5 Million years, sisters to Panthera pardus lineage. Interestingly, in the black leopard, a single nucleotide polymorphism in exon-4 possibly completely ablates Agouti Signaling Protein (ASIP) function. Existing genomic data suggest new a species-specific mutation of the ASIP gene in the Felidae family, contributing to naturally occurring colouration polymorphism. As such, the Sri Lankan black leopard and normal leopard probably evolved from the same ancestor, while the mutation in the ASIP gene resulted in black coat colour. This rare mutation could be adaptable to the environment that back leopards reported, camouflage, with a likelihood of recurrence and transmission to future generations. However, protecting this sensitive environment is critical for the conservation of the existing populations and providing breeding grounds.

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Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Asiatic lion (Panthera leo persica)

Cited by 5 publications

References 5 publications

Characterization of the complete mitogenome of Indian Mouse Deer, Moschiola indica (Artiodactyla: Tragulidae) and its evolutionary significance

Characterization of the complete mitogenome of Indian Mouse Deer, Moschiola indica (Artiodactyla: Tragulidae) and its evolutionary significance

A unique single nucleotide polymorphism in Agouti Signalling Protein (ASIP) gene changes coat colour of Sri Lankan leopard (Panthera pardus kotiya) to dark black

A unique single nucleotide polymorphism in Agouti Signalling Protein (ASIP) gene changes coat colour of Sri Lankan Leopard (Panthera pardus kotiya) to dark black

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