“…[10,11,12] Very low-loss single-crystal materials including sapphire, ruby, Titanium doped sapphire, YAG, Chromium doped YAG, Calcium, Magnesium and Barium Fluoride, quartz, and others have been measured this way. [13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22] The WGM technique has also been used to characterize the complex permittivity of semiconductors, including bulk monocrystalline Silicon, [23] Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) and Gallium Phosphide (GaP), [24,25] at microwave frequencies from cryogenic temperatures to room temperature.…”