“…Most recently, Fraccascia, Giannoccaro, and Albino (2017) point to the multiple, intersecting SCs in the industrial symbiosis which are characterised by using the waste of some SC processes as the inputs into the other SCs (Pathak, Wu, and Johnston 2014). Olson et al (2018) elaborate on the intelligence-connected manufacturing. Moreover, Industry 4.0 and cyber-physical manufacturing have significantly transformed the SCs and increased their intertwining (Liao et al 2017;Ivanov, Dolgui, and Sokolov 2019;Panetto et al 2019;Tang and Veelenturf 2019).…”