“…Other Lewis acidic centers that form complexes with alpha hydroxy carboxylic acids include: Mo(V) which forms both monodentate complexes with HOCH2COO -and bidentate chelated complexes containing the -OCH2COO -entity [23], VO2 2+ , with the bidentate -OCH2COO -ligand, and VO 4+ , with both chelating bidentate -OCH2COOligand and mondentate HOCH2COO - [24], peroxovandium(V), with bidentate glycolic acid [25], oxovanadium(IV) with bidentate alphahydroxy carboxylic acid [26], and 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 18 the diethyltin(II) cation with both alpha hydroxy-and thiohydroxy carboxylic acids, [27]. A variety of metal ions have also functioned as the Lewis acid for complexation with alpha-hydroxy carboxylic acids: Cu(II) with mondentate, bidentate chelating, and the neutral carboxylic acid [28], Mn(II) with glycolic and lactic acids, as well as other acid bidentate anions [29], Ag(I) with monodentate glycolate [30], La(III), Ce(III), and Nd(III) with both bidentate chelating and monodentate chelating glycolate [31], Cm(III) and Cu(III) with mostly monodentate glycolate [32], and Th(IV) and a variety of lanthanides(III) with mostly monodentate glycolate [33].…”