Second harmonic generation (SHG) was used to selectively probe DNA−drug interactions without the need for chemical labels or invasive detection methods. In particular, the binding constant of the anticancer drug daunomycin to a recognition triplet sequence in a 33-mer of double stranded DNA was determined. The SHG method, which is interface selective, probed the binding of daunomycin to DNA that was tethered to the surface of colloidal microparticles suspended in aqueous solution. Probing biomolecule coated colloids is expected to yield larger SH signals and provides experimental flexibility as compared to experiments performed at planar interfaces. The change in SHG intensity as daunomycin was added to the microparticle solution was fit to a Langmuir binding model, which yielded an equilibrium constant of 2.3 (±0.7) × 10 5 M −1 ; the corresponding Gibbs free energy change at 20°C is −7.2 ± 0.2 kcal/mol. Control experiments established that daunomycin preferentially binds to DNA at the recognition sequence. The equilibrium was found to be unaffected by the presence of free DNA in solution, and hyper-Rayleigh scattering from bulk molecules did not change with increasing daunomycin concentration. The extracted equilibrium constants are in agreement with the range of reported values found in the literature.
■ INTRODUCTIONThis work presents a sensitive method for determining equilibrium binding constants for biomolecular interactions in a label free and noninvasive way. The experiments used second harmonic generation (SHG) to probe the binding of a drug to DNA tethered to the surface of colloidal microparticles suspended in aqueous solution. Biomolecule coatings on nano-and microparticle surfaces have opened up a broad field of self-assembling superstructured materials; 1−7 some biomolecule coated particles have found applications in drug delivery systems and in vivo detection schemes. 8,9 The present work also builds on interface specific nonlinear optical experiments that have measured the electronic and vibrational spectra of DNA covalently bound to planar fused quartz surfaces immersed in aqueous media, 10−13 and recent work that tracked in real time the cleavage of DNA by the restriction enzyme EcoR1 and the subsequent rehybridization of DNA attached to colloidal polymer microparticles without labeled reporter molecules or invasive detection methods. 14 Using SHG to study biomolecular reactions, with one of the reactants attached to a colloidal interface, can yield larger signals than analogous experiments performed at planar interfaces due to the larger number of molecules that can be accommodated in the laser focus. Additionally, the number of particles in solution can be changed without changing the density of the DNA that is attached to the individual particles, allowing for flexibility in experimental design.The class of anthracycline chemotherapeutic drugs has long been studied due to their potent anticancer properties. 15−20 Daunomycin (structure given in Figure 1a) is a member of this class ...