Complexity in declarative process models: Metrics and multi-modal assessment of cognitive load

Abbad-Andaloussi, Amine; Burattin, Andrea; Slaats, Tijs; Kindler, Ekkart; Weber, Barbara

doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2023.120924

Cited by 13 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…We compare IPA, [24] LHIPA, [25] CPD, [9] and BCPD, [9] in addition to the direct PD as reference metric, as single diameter changes can be influenced by the CL level. Except for LHIPA, all metrics should increase together with the level of CL.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pupil diameter has been a standard measurement to estimate CL, given its correlation with task difficulty. [9,24,25] Previous works show that complex problems cause an increment in pupil diameter motivating models that employ this fact to determine CL by comparing current measurements with a baseline diameter (basal diameter). The basal diameter describes the natural behavior of the pupil, and it is acquired during a baseline task performed independently (intertrial change in pupil diameter called BCPD), or at the beginning of each step of the main task (intra-trial change in pupil diameter called CPD).…”

Section: Eye-tracker and Pupillometry-based Cognitive Effort Estimationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, IPA might fail when estimating CL induced by the N-Back test, even when the gaze is fixed at a specific location. [25] Duchowski et al also proposed the Low/High Index of Pupillary Activity (LHIPA) to overcome the limitations of IPA. Instead of taking the maxima of the frequency signal, LHIPA takes the ratio between low and high frequency bands.…”

Section: Analysis In the Spectral Domainmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Instead of taking the maxima of the frequency signal, LHIPA takes the ratio between low and high frequency bands. [25] The high-frequency response is expected to increase under high CL, and hence, LHIPA will decrease under the presence of CL. LHIPA is also presented as a unitless metric.…”

Section: Analysis In the Spectral Domainmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[22,23] Recent studies have proposed ways to overcome these limitations and propose to perform the analysis of the diameter in the spectral domain. [24,25] These works hypothesize that such analysis can separate changes due to reactions to light from changes related to effortful cognitive processes. These methods are based on the knowledge that changes in CL are related to highfrequency variations, while low-frequency changes are responses to luminescence.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pupillometry in telerobotic surgery: A comparative evaluation of algorithms for cognitive effort estimation

Ruiz Puentes,

Soberanis-Mukul,

Acar

et al. 2023

Med Robot

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Background: Eye gaze tracking and pupillometry are emerging topics in telerobotic surgery as it is believed that they will enable novel gaze-based interaction paradigms and provide insights into the user’s cognitive load (CL). Further, the successful integration of CL estimation into telerobotic systems is thought to catalyze the development of new human-computer interfaces for personalized assistance and training processes. However, this field is in its infancy, and identifying reliable gaze and pupil-tracking solutions in robotic surgery is still an area of ongoing research and high uncertainty. Methods: Considering the potential benefits of pupillometry-based CL assessments in telerobotic surgery, we seek to better understand the possibilities and limitations of contemporary pupillometry-based cognitive effort estimation algorithms in telerobotic surgery. To this end, we conducted a user study using the da Vinci Research Kit (dVRK) and performed two experiments where participants were asked to perform a series of N-Back tests, either while (i) idling or (ii) performing a peg transfer task. We then compare four contemporary CL estimation methods based on direct analysis of pupil diameter in the spatial and frequency domains. Results: We find that some methods can detect the presence of cognitive effort in simple scenarios (e.g., when the user is not performing any manual task), they fail to differentiate the different levels of CL. Similarly, when the manual peg transfer task is added, the reliability of all models is compromised, highlighting the necessity of more robust methods that consider different factors that complement the pupil diameter information. Conclusion: Our results offer a quantitative perspective of the limitations of the current solutions and highlight the necessity of developing tailored designs for the telerobotic surgery environment.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Eye-tracker and Pupillometry-based Cognitive Effort Estimationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Analysis In the Spectral Domainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Analysis In the Spectral Domainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Pupillometry in telerobotic surgery: A comparative evaluation of algorithms for cognitive effort estimation

Ruiz Puentes,

Soberanis-Mukul,

Acar

et al. 2023

Med Robot

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Safe design and evolution of smart contracts using dynamic condition response graphs to model generic role‐based behaviors

Xu,

Slaats,

Düdder

et al. 2024

J Software Evolu Process

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Smart contracts executed on blockchains are interactive programs where external actors generate events that trigger function invocations. Events can be emitted by participants asynchronously. However, some functionalities should be restricted to participants inhabiting specific roles in the system, which might be dynamically adjusted while the system evolves. We argue that current smart contract languages adopting imperative programming paradigms require additional complicated access control code. Furthermore, smart contracts are often developed and evolved independently and cannot share a joint access control policy. This makes it challenging to ensure the correctness of access control properties and to maintain correctness when the contracts are adapted. We propose using dynamic condition response (DCR) graphs for role‐based and declarative access control for smart contracts and techniques for test‐driven modelling and refinement of DCR graphs to support the safe design and evolution of smart contracts. We show that they allow for capturing and visualizing a form of dynamic access control where access rights evolve as the contract state progresses. Their use supports the straightforward declaration of access control rights, improved code auditing, test‐driven modelling, and safe evolution of smart contracts and improves users' understanding.

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On the Semantic Transparency of Declarative Process Models: The Case of Constraints

Trinh,

Abbad-Andaloussi,

López

2023

Lecture Notes in Computer Science

Self Cite

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Process modeling notations are essential for analyzing, designing, improving, and digitalizing business processes in organizations. In particular, for knowledge-intensive processes, notations that allow flexible orchestration of activities are crucial for supporting discretionary work. Declarative Process Modeling notations allow describing the interplay between the process activities with constraints that need to be met, without specifying how to meet them. Despite being well-suited for modeling flexible processes, declarative notations are not as widely adopted as imperative notations where the process is usually depicted using a flow-based approach. This paper focuses on investigating the semantic transparency of declarative notations, specifically how the visual representation of constraints aligns with the underlying formal concepts used in Declarative Process Models (DPMs). The study concentrates on Dynamic Condition Response (DCR) Graphs, a representative notation of DPMs extensively used in industry and academia. The research employs semi-structured interviews with experts in DCR Graphs, as well as an analysis of semantic transparency based on theoretical models of understandability. The findings indicate that generally colors contribute to the understanding of relations in DPMs, while the shapes used to describe constraints do not accurately convey their semantics. Based on these results, the study proposes an alternative representation of constraints, paving the road for an enhanced representation of DPMs.

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Complexity in declarative process models: Metrics and multi-modal assessment of cognitive load

Cited by 13 publications

References 40 publications

Pupillometry in telerobotic surgery: A comparative evaluation of algorithms for cognitive effort estimation

Pupillometry in telerobotic surgery: A comparative evaluation of algorithms for cognitive effort estimation

Safe design and evolution of smart contracts using dynamic condition response graphs to model generic role‐based behaviors

On the Semantic Transparency of Declarative Process Models: The Case of Constraints

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