Complexity in the diagnosis of endocrine ophthalmopathy with a carotid-cavernous fistula. A clinical case
E. Yu. Tsyplina,
A. A. Pochechueva,
T. V. Yanchenko
et al.
Abstract:Introduction. Clinical cases featuring a combination of endocrine ophthalmopathy with a carotid-cavernous fistula are scarce, with only four cases documented in the literature, thus posing a diagnostic challenge due to overlapping clinical symptoms. A carotid-cavernous fistula with high blood flow typically presents a clear clinical picture. However, low-flow variants are challenging to timely diagnose. A history of head trauma can be an essential diagnostic clue, as carotid-cavernous anastomosis develops in 7… Show more
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