Compliant Mechanisms in Plants and Architecture

Poppinga, Simon; Körner, Axel; Sachse, Renate; Born, Larissa; Westermeier, Anna S.; Hesse, Linnéa; Knippers, Jan; Bischoff, Manfred; Gresser, Götz T.; Speck, Thomas

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46374-2_9

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Motile plant structures (e.g. petals, leaves) represent efficient and functionally robust compliant mechanisms [1]. They perform aesthetic shape-changes without nerves, muscles and discrete hinges and are increasingly recognized as suitable concept generators for the development of biomimetic shape-changing structures [2][3][4][5].…”

Section: Introduction (A) Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

4D pine scale: biomimetic 4D printed autonomous scale and flap structures capable of multi-phase movement

Correa

Poppinga

Mylo

et al. 2020

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

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We developed biomimetic hygro-responsive composite polymer scales inspired by the reversible shape-changes of Bhutan pine ( Pinus wallichiana ) cone seed scales. The synthetic kinematic response is made possible through novel four-dimensional (4D) printing techniques with anisotropic material use, namely copolymers with embedded cellulose fibrils and ABS polymer. Multi-phase motion like the subsequent transversal and longitudinal bending deformation during desiccation of a natural pinecone scale can be structurally programmed into such printed hygromorphs. Both the natural concept generator (Bhutan pinecone scale) and the biomimetic technical structure (4D printed scale) were comparatively investigated as to their displacement and strain over time via three-dimensional digital image correlation methods. Our bioinspired prototypes can be the basis for tailored autonomous and self-sufficient flap and scale structures performing complex consecutive motions for technical applications, e.g. in architecture and soft robotics. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Bioinspired materials and surfaces for green science and technology (part 3)’.

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Section: Introduction (A) Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

4D pine scale: biomimetic 4D printed autonomous scale and flap structures capable of multi-phase movement

Correa

Poppinga

Mylo

et al. 2020

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

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“…The abstraction of plant movement principles and their transfer into biomimetic 4D printed structures form part of a rapidly progressing research field [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ]. However, 4D printing requires special user skills and expensive hardware hindering its application in research and teaching, which cannot cover such high costs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Motile plant structures change shape during movement and, therefore, constitute compliant systems [ 9 , 10 ]. This is in contrast to rigid-body mechanisms with “classical” hinges, as characterized by stiff structural components that glide against each other and that are typically connected by rotating hinges.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Actuated Paper and Wood Models: Low-Cost Handcrafted Biomimetic Compliant Systems for Research and Teaching

et al. 2021

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The abstraction and implementation of plant movement principles into biomimetic compliant systems are of increasing interest for technical applications, e.g., in architecture, medicine, and soft robotics. Within the respective research and development approaches, advanced methods such as 4D printing or 3D-braiding pultrusion are typically used to generate proof-of-concept demonstrators at the laboratory or demonstrator scale. However, such techniques are generally time-consuming, complicated, and cost-intensive, which often impede the rapid realization of a sufficient number of demonstrators for testing or teaching. Therefore, we have produced comparable simple handcrafted compliant systems based on paper, wood, plastic foil, and/or glue as construction materials. A variety of complex plant movement principles have been transferred into these low-cost physical demonstrators, which are self-actuated by shrinking processes induced by the anisotropic hygroscopic properties of wood or paper. The developed systems have a high potential for fast, precise, and low-cost abstraction and transfer processes in biomimetic approaches and for the “hands-on understanding” of plant movements in applied university and school courses.

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“…Pine cones are among the best known and well-described natural hygromorphs. The opening and closing of the ovuliferous scales is a result of the bilayered structure [11][12][13]. The different dimensional changes are caused by the almost perpendicular arrangement of cellulose fibrils in the adaxial (inner) and abaxial (outer) tissue.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of 3D-printed hygromorphs based on different cellulosic fillers

Langhansl

Dörrstein

Hornberger

et al. 2021

Functional Composite Mater

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The aim of this work is to characterize the moisture-dependent actuation behavior of bioinspired and additively manufactured hygromorphs based by following deductive and inductive design approaches. Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) is employed to print bilayered structures consisting of swellable active layers and rigid passive layers. The active layer is composed of a polylactic acid (PLA) matrix filled with different hygroscopic cellulosic materials (native and modified) up to a filler content of 50 m%. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) is used for the passive layer. The FFF process allows the generation of desired differential swelling properties in the composites upon moisture absorption. The moisture dependent actuation strain of the printed bilayers was determined by video analyses. Some influencing geometrical factors which contribute to the actuation were deduced from x-ray diffraction (XRD) and micro computed tomography (μCT). The investigation of the mean cellulose microfibril orientation on the surface of the active layer suggested a preferential orientation with respect to printing direction. Furthermore, a gradient of cellulosic material within a single printed layer was observed, which indicates fiber sedimentation. Comparison with the thermomechanical model derived from Timoshenko (1925) shows that the computational prediction of the moisture dependent actuation is considerably accurate for most selected cellulosic materials and filler contents.

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Compliant Mechanisms in Plants and Architecture

Cited by 12 publications

References 55 publications

4D pine scale: biomimetic 4D printed autonomous scale and flap structures capable of multi-phase movement

4D pine scale: biomimetic 4D printed autonomous scale and flap structures capable of multi-phase movement

Self-Actuated Paper and Wood Models: Low-Cost Handcrafted Biomimetic Compliant Systems for Research and Teaching

Fabrication of 3D-printed hygromorphs based on different cellulosic fillers

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