Complications and mortality of typhoid fever: A global systematic review and meta-analysis

Marchello, Christian S.; Birkhold, Megan; Crump, John A.

doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.10.030

Cited by 71 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 108 publications

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“… 6 The median CFR among surgical studies of typhoid fever patients was 15.5% (6.7–24.1%), reported by a systematic review and meta-analysis on complication and CFR of the disease. 10 Surgical factors associated with CFRs include ileostomy technique, duration of the preoperative period, and peritoneal contamination. Age, number, and location of perforations are also found to influence the CFR.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Case Report: Typhoid Fever Complicated by Ileal Perforation in an Urban Slum of Dhaka, Bangladesh

Khanam

Darton

Ross

et al. 2021

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Intestinal perforation is one of the most dangerous complications of typhoid fever and demands urgent hospitalization, diagnosis, and surgical management to reduce morbidity and prevent mortality. Here, we report a case of typhoidal intestinal perforation in a 19 year-old young man detected by passive surveillance during a cluster-randomized trial with Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (Typhoid Vaccine Acceleration Consortium: TyVAC) in an urban slum area in Mirpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The patient presented with a high-grade fever, lower abdominal pain, and vomiting and was admitted to a healthcare facility. Physical examination and preoperative investigations of the patient suggested a presumptive diagnosis of intestinal perforation, and the patient was transferred to a tertiary-level hospital for surgical management. A positive blood culture, intraoperative findings, and histopathology of an intestinal biopsy confirmed ileal perforation due to typhoid fever. This case report highlights the need for prompt diagnosis and appropriate pre- and postoperative management of patients who appear with the symptoms of typhoidal intestinal perforation. This report further demonstrates the importance of systematic surveillance and proper evaluation to determine the true incidence rate of typhoid fever and intestinal perforation in Bangladesh.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Case Report: Typhoid Fever Complicated by Ileal Perforation in an Urban Slum of Dhaka, Bangladesh

Khanam

Darton

Ross

et al. 2021

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…Orofecal route is the mode of transmission for S. typhi. 21 The infection is transmitted through food and water contaminated with the organism. 22 Milk borne pathogenesis has also been globally recognized as a serious public health concern and Salmonella spp.…”

Section: Transmission and Sociodemographicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Typhoid burden, drug resistance and Pakistan’s stance against it

Ali

Nasr

Rehman

et al. 2021

Int J Community Med Public Health

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Salmonella typhi is a gram negative, rod shaped bacteria that features a polysaccharide capsule, flagella for motility and fimbria for adhesion to the epithelial cells of intestinal mucosa. The organism is responsible for causing enteric fever and in severe cases it leads to complications such as intestinal perforation which can lead to death. The mainstay of treatment of typhoid fever is antibiotic therapy but unfortunately the emergence of MDR (multidrug resistant) and XDR (extensively drug resistant) strains pose a major threat to the successful treatment of typhoid. Around 200,000 global deaths can be associated with typhoid and most cases are seen in low socioeconomic countries with inadequate healthcare infrastructure particularly those that are densely populated, among them Pakistan is considered as high-risk country according to WHO criteria. Prevention strategies include education of the masses regarding hand hygiene, cleanliness and consumption of clean food and water. In 2019 Pakistan encountered an epidemic of XDR typhoid and to control it, Government introduced typhoid vaccine in its nationwide vaccination program, and is hopeful that it will decrease the burden of disease on state and its citizens.

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“…However, at any point during the course of the treatment, the likelihood of possible complications should be closely watched. 17 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A review and meta-analysis published in October 2020, has analyzed in detail, the complications and morbidity associated with typhoid fever. 17 Among 10,355 confirmed typhoid patients, 2,719 (26.3%) had complications with an overall case fatality ratio (CFR) of 2.0%. Among the complications most frequently encountered, intestinal perforation, GI bleeding, bronchitis, encephalopathy, and toxic myocarditis are most relevant.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Typhoid and Enteric Fevers in Intensive Care Unit

Ray¹,

Raha²

2021

Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine

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A bstract Enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid)is caused by Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi . It is spread by fecal-oral route, largely through contamination of water and foodstuff. Developing countries are the worst affected. It takes 7 – 21 days from ingestion of the organism to manifestation of symptoms which are generally Fever, relative bradycardia, and pain abdomen. Hepatosplenomegaly, intestinal bleeding, and perforation are the features at various stages of the disease. The bacteria invade the submucous layer and proliferate in the Payer's patches. Blood culture is the gold standard for diagnosis but it is only rarely positive. Fluroquinolones, cephalosporins, and azithromycin are antibiotics of choice. There is increasing evidence of the development of resistance to all antibiotics. Salmonella sepsis, though uncommon, can occur. Intestinal perforation, peritonitis, and secondary sepsis are complications that may require intensive care unit management. How to cite this article: Ray B, Raha A . Typhoid and Enteric Fevers in Intensive Care Unit. Indian J Crit Care Med 2021;25(Suppl 2):S144–S149.

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Complications and mortality of typhoid fever: A global systematic review and meta-analysis

Cited by 71 publications

References 108 publications

Case Report: Typhoid Fever Complicated by Ileal Perforation in an Urban Slum of Dhaka, Bangladesh

Case Report: Typhoid Fever Complicated by Ileal Perforation in an Urban Slum of Dhaka, Bangladesh

Typhoid burden, drug resistance and Pakistan’s stance against it

Typhoid and Enteric Fevers in Intensive Care Unit

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