Complications of Cervical Discography

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings of Early Spondylodiscitis: Interpretive Challenges and Atypical Findings

“…Iatrogenic direct inoculation is usually caused during surgery, interventional or diagnostic procedures (e.g., lumbar puncture or discography), pain management procedures (e.g., epidural, nerve, or facet block), vertebroplasty, kyphoplasty, or indwelling catheter use (4212223). The vertebral structures that are primarily involved are determined by the procedure used (2), and therefore, posterior regions are usually affected.…”

Clinical Assessment of the Deep Cervical Flexor Muscles: The Craniocervical Flexion Test

“…Two early studies had obtained intramuscular EMG recordings for longus colli on small samples of volunteers, 5,9 but this method has not been used since, probably in respect of risks associated with invasive surgical techniques to the anterior cervical spine. 25 More recently, a novel EMG method was developed, which involved building surface electrodes within a nasopharyngeal suction catheter and suctioning the electrodes onto the posterior pharyngeal wall adjacent to the uvula which is over accessible muscle bulk of the longus capitis and superior portion of the longus colli (Fig 2A). 26 We were able to demonstrate that the greatest EMG amplitude detected with the nasopharyngeal electrode was derived predominantly from these deep cervical flexor muscles and not neighboring jaw and neck muscles.…”

Further evaluation of an EMG technique for assessment of the deep cervical flexor muscles

“…However, no such EMG technique has been reported for the assessment of the DCF muscles in neck pain sufferers. In fact, there had been no subsequent report of fine wire EMG studies of the DCF muscles in humans, due at least in part to the risks associated with invasive techniques to the anterior cervical spine such as those reported for cervical discography [3,11,12,23,25,34]. The DCF muscles are located deep to proximal respiratory, gastrointestinal, vascular, lymphatic and neural structures of the anterior neck.…”