Complications of Early Pregnancy and Gestational Trophoblastic Diseases

Ip, Philip; Yan, Wang; Cheung, Annie N. Y.

doi:10.1007/978-981-13-3019-3_13

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 143 publications

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“…21 HM is a non-malignant form of gestational trophoblastic diseases (GTDs) associated with abnormally elevated human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) level. 22 There are many risk factors are involved in the occurrence of HM such as uterine abnormalities, defects in the ova, folic acid deficiency, extreme maternal age (more than 35 years or less than 20 years), previous molar pregnancy, history of oral contraceptive use, deficiency of beta-carotene or animal fat and smoking. 23 Previous reports showed that the decidual immune cell infiltrates especially FoxP3 + regulatory T cell and CD3 + T cells, are significantly higher in HM than found in a healthy pregnancy.…”

Section: Immunology and Pathog Ene S Is Of Hydatidiform Molementioning

confidence: 99%

COVID‐19 and hydatidiform mole

Abbas

Ahmed

Salem

et al. 2020

American J Rep Immunol

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Coronaviruses are one of the Coronaviridae family in the Nidovirales order. Coronaviruses are small in size (65-125 nm in diameter) and contain a single-stranded RNA as a nucleic material. They are characterized by having crown-like spikes on the virus' outer surface; thus, it is named coronavirus. 1 The coronaviruses are genotypically and serologically divided into four subgroups: α-, β-, γ-, and δ-CoVs. Human CoVs infections are mainly due to α-and β-subgroups like severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), which belong to β-CoVs. 2 The SARS-CoV-2 virus causing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a β-CoV of group 2B. 3 The genetic sequence of SARS-CoV-2 showed more than 80% identity to SARS-CoV and 50% to the MERS-CoV; both originate in bats. 4,5 Presently, COVID-19 patients are considered to be the primary source of infection, as person-to-person transmission occurs predominantly via direct contact or through droplets during coughing or sneezing. 6 Until now, there is no proof that SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted through aerosols or from mother to baby during pregnancy or childbirth. 6 Hence, there are no available data on the consequences of COVID-19 on the course and outcome of pregnancy; it is crucial to pay more attention to this issue, especially that COVID-19 still appears to be sweeping. Moreover, pregnant mothers are pretty more predisposed to infection by respiratory pathogens and severe pneumonia. 2 | IMMUNOLOGY AND PATHOG ENE S IS OF COVID-19 All coronaviruses have specific genes in ORF1 downstream regions that encode proteins for viral replication, nucleocapsid, and spikes formation, and the structural proteins are encoded by the four structural genes, including spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), and nucleocapsid (N) genes. 7 Although the genome of the SARS-CoV-2 has

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Section: Immunology and Pathog Ene S Is Of Hydatidiform Molementioning

confidence: 99%