Complications of Inguinal and Pelvic Lymphadenectomy for Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Penis: A Contemporary Series

Nelson, Bradford A.; Cookson, Michael S.; Smith, Joseph A.; Chang, Sam S.

doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000131453.52463.8f

Cited by 95 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…First, ilioinguinal lymphadenectomy carries significant morbidity in a third to over half of patients [6][7][8]. This includes local problems, such as phlebitis, wound infection and flap necrosis (FIGURE 1), which occasionally necessitates myocutaneous flaps.…”

Section: Rationale For Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsymentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic sentinel lymph node biopsy in penile cancer

Ahmed¹,

Arya²,

Minhas³

2006

Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy

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Section: Rationale For Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsymentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic sentinel lymph node biopsy in penile cancer

Ahmed¹,

Arya²,

Minhas³

2006

Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy

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“…They are also vital tissues through which the penis skin is involved in the body's immune response. Clinically, many factors such as surgical injury and tumor embolus may lead to poor lymphatic drainage of the penis, resulting in penile foreskin edema (Apesos and Anigian, 1991;Nelson et al, 2004;Stamatiou and Pierris, 2012). Currently, distribution of lymphatic vessels in the penis has not been clearly characterized, mainly due to the lack of methods for studying lymphatic vessels of small diameters (Riveros et al, 1967).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Technique to Map the Lymphatic Distribution and Alignment of the Penis

Long

Qiang

Tao

et al. 2014

The Anatomical Record

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The present study was to examine the distribution of lymphatic vessels in the penis of normal adult males, which could provide an anatomical basis for improvement of incisions in penile lengthening surgery, and may also help to prevent postoperative refractory edema. Thirteen normal adult male volunteers were recruited for this study. Contrast agent was injected subcutaneously in the foreskin of the penis, and after two minutes magnetic resonance lymphangiography (MRL) was performed. The acquired magnetic resonance images were analyzed to determine the changes in the number and diameter of lymphatic vessels in different parts of the penis. Maximum intensity projections (MIP) and materializes interactive medical image control system (MIMICS) were applied to analyze the overall distribution of lymphatic vessels in the penis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed that the lymphatic vessels were in conspicuous contrast with surrounding tissues and could be clearly identified. Penile lymphatic vessels were clearly visible in the root of the penis. At the junction of the penis and the abdominal wall, all lymphatic vessels were found to be concentrated in the dorsal part of the penis. MIP two-dimensional reconstruction showed that the overall distribution of relatively large lymphatic vessels in the dorsal and ventral parts of the penis could be seen clearly on bilateral 45 position, but not inside the abdominal wall because some of lymphatic vessels were overlapped by other tissues in the abdomen. MIMICS threedimensional reconstruction was able to reveal the overall spatial distribution of lymphatic vessels in the penis from any angle. The reconstruction results showed that there were 1-2 main lymphatic vessels on the root of dorsal penis, which coursed along the cavernous to the first physiological curvature of the penis. Lymphatic vessels merged on both sides of the ventral penis. At the root of the penis, lymphatic vessels gradually coursed to the dorsal surface of the penis and folded at the abdominal wall to the outside, and finally merged into the inguinal lymph nodes. The changes in distribution, number and diameter of the lymphatic vessels in the penis were observed by MRI. MIP and MIMICS reconstructions directly revealed the anatomical features of penile lymphatic vessels such as spatial distribution, overall alignment, and the relations to adjacent structures, drainage

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“…15 Common complications include lymphedema, lymphocele or seroma formation, skin flap necrosis and wound infection. 13,15,16 These can be minor or can result in significant morbidity and the need for secondary procedures for management. Death has been rarely reported in some series, usually as a result of sepsis or from deep vein thrombosis and subsequent pulmonary embolism.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3,13 Strategies to minimize morbidity include aggressive wound care, minimal intraoperative flap handling, preservation of robust subcutaneous tissue, early ambulation (or, conversely, bed rest in some centres), use of compression stockings, wound drains, antibiotic coverage and appropriate use of myocutaneous flap coverage. 13,16 A recent publication highlights efforts to undertake endoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

What next? Managing lymph nodes in men with penile cancer

Leveridge

Morash

2013

CUAJ

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The management of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis is often daunting given its rarity and subsequent lack of high-level evidence to support our decision-making. This culminates in the complex surgical issues involving the management of the regional lymph nodes, which is of critical importance to both quantity and quality of life for these patients. This review aims to highlight the decisive issues surrounding the management of the pelvic and inguinal lymph nodes in the setting of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis, and to spotlight recently published information that adds credence to accepted management strategies of both the clinically positive and negative groin after successful management of the primary lesion.

show abstract

Complications of Inguinal and Pelvic Lymphadenectomy for Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Penis: A Contemporary Series

Cited by 95 publications

References 18 publications

Dynamic sentinel lymph node biopsy in penile cancer

Dynamic sentinel lymph node biopsy in penile cancer

A New Technique to Map the Lymphatic Distribution and Alignment of the Penis

What next? Managing lymph nodes in men with penile cancer

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