Components of the Metabolic Syndrome among a Sample of Overweight and Obese Costa Rican Schoolchildren

Holst-Schumacher, Ileana; Núñez-Rivas, Hilda Patricia; Monge‐Rojas, Rafael; Barrantes-Santamaría, Mauro

doi:10.1177/156482650903000208

Cited by 28 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…In this study, the metabolic syndrome was nearly 10 times more common among overweight and obese students (21%) than among lean students. While prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was shown to be 5.6% among a sample of overweight and obese prepubertal children (8 -10 yr) in Costa Rica (83), an elevated risk of developing the metabolic syndrome was also reported among obese adolescents (11-20 yr) in Argentina (odds ratio ϭ 119.73; 95% CI ϭ 27.6 -519.4) (84). High prevalence of the metabolic syndrome has been reported in 10-to 19-yrold Iranian adolescents (10.1%) (85) and 5-to 18-yrold obese Bolivian children (36%) (86) according to the modified NCEP ATP III criteria, adapted for children.…”

Section: A Insulin Resistance and The Metabolic Syndromementioning

confidence: 96%

Childhood Obesity in Developing Countries: Epidemiology, Determinants, and Prevention

et al. 2012

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Rapidly changing dietary practices and a sedentary lifestyle have led to increasing prevalence of childhood obesity (5-19 yr) in developing countries recently: 41.8% in Mexico, 22.1% in Brazil, 22.0% in India, and 19.3% in Argentina. Moreover, secular trends indicate increasing prevalence rates in these countries: 4.1 to 13.9% in Brazil during 1974-1997, 12.2 to 15.6% in Thailand during 1991-1993, and 9.8 to 11.7% in India during 2006-2009. Important determinants of childhood obesity include high socioeconomic status, residence in metropolitan cities, female gender, unawareness and false beliefs about nutrition, marketing by transnational food companies, increasing academic stress, and poor facilities for physical activity. Childhood obesity has been associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus, the early-onset metabolic syndrome, subclinical inflammation, dyslipidemia, coronary artery diseases, and adulthood obesity. Therapeutic lifestyle changes and maintenance of regular physical activity through parental initiative and social support interventions are the most important strategies in managing childhood obesity. Also, high-risk screening and effective health educational programs are urgently needed in developing countries.

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Section: A Insulin Resistance and The Metabolic Syndromementioning

confidence: 96%

Childhood Obesity in Developing Countries: Epidemiology, Determinants, and Prevention

et al. 2012

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“…While ART‐associated lipoatrophy is a disease of fat loss rather than pathological fat gain, it is notable that the underlying adipose tissue pathology and associated metabolic outcomes are in fact remarkably similar. Obesity is associated with lower circulating levels of adiponectin, low‐grade systemic plus adipose inflammation, insulin resistance and low circulating levels of 25‐hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D], which are in turn associated with insulin resistance and an increased future risk of hyperglycaemia 4–9 . Although similar pathological and metabolic changes are seen in lipoatrophy associated with ART in HIV infection, the effect of ART‐associated lipoatrophy on vitamin D metabolism is unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Obesity is associated with lower circulating levels of adiponectin, low-grade systemic plus adipose inflammation, insulin resistance and low circulating levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D], which are in turn associated with insulin resistance and an increased future risk of hyperglycaemia. [4][5][6][7][8][9] Although similar pathological and metabolic changes are seen in lipoatrophy associated with ART in HIV infection, the effect of ART-associated lipoatrophy on vitamin D metabolism is unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between 25‐OH vitamin D and insulin is independent of lipoatrophy in HIV

Hammond

McKinnon

Glendenning

et al. 2012

Clinical Endocrinology

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“…With the increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity worldwide, especially in children and youth, the "paediatric metabolic syndrome" has received increasing attention from a public health perspective [2]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk of metabolic syndrome among children living in metropolitan Kuala Lumpur: A case control study

et al. 2011

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BackgroundWith the increasing prevalence of childhood obesity, the metabolic syndrome has been studied among children in many countries but not in Malaysia. Hence, this study aimed to compare metabolic risk factors between overweight/obese and normal weight children and to determine the influence of gender and ethnicity on the metabolic syndrome among school children aged 9-12 years in Kuala Lumpur and its metropolitan suburbs.MethodsA case control study was conducted among 402 children, comprising 193 normal-weight and 209 overweight/obese. Weight, height, waist circumference (WC) and body composition were measured, and WHO (2007) growth reference was used to categorise children into the two weight groups. Blood pressure (BP) was taken, and blood was drawn after an overnight fast to determine fasting blood glucose (FBG) and full lipid profile, including triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and total cholesterol (TC). International Diabetes Federation (2007) criteria for children were used to identify metabolic syndrome.ResultsParticipants comprised 60.9% (n = 245) Malay, 30.9% (n = 124) Chinese and 8.2% (n = 33) Indian. Overweight/obese children showed significantly poorer biochemical profile, higher body fat percentage and anthropometric characteristics compared to the normal-weight group. Among the metabolic risk factors, WC ≥90th percentile was found to have the highest odds (OR = 189.0; 95%CI 70.8, 504.8), followed by HDL-C≤1.03 mmol/L (OR = 5.0; 95%CI 2.4, 11.1) and high BP (OR = 4.2; 95%CI 1.3, 18.7). Metabolic syndrome was found in 5.3% of the overweight/obese children but none of the normal-weight children (p < 0.01). Overweight/obese children had higher odds (OR = 16.3; 95%CI 2.2, 461.1) of developing the metabolic syndrome compared to normal-weight children. Binary logistic regression showed no significant association between age, gender and family history of communicable diseases with the metabolic syndrome. However, for ethnicity, Indians were found to have higher odds (OR = 5.5; 95%CI 1.5, 20.5) compared to Malays, with Chinese children (OR = 0.3; 95%CI 0.0, 2.7) having the lowest odds.ConclusionsWe conclude that being overweight or obese poses a greater risk of developing the metabolic syndrome among children. Indian ethnicity is at higher risk compared to their counterparts of the same age. Hence, primary intervention strategies are required to prevent this problem from escalating.

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Components of the Metabolic Syndrome among a Sample of Overweight and Obese Costa Rican Schoolchildren

Cited by 28 publications

References 49 publications

Childhood Obesity in Developing Countries: Epidemiology, Determinants, and Prevention

Childhood Obesity in Developing Countries: Epidemiology, Determinants, and Prevention

Association between 25‐OH vitamin D and insulin is independent of lipoatrophy in HIV

Risk of metabolic syndrome among children living in metropolitan Kuala Lumpur: A case control study

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