Architectural windows that smartly regulate indoor solar radiation by changing their optical transmittance in response to thermo-stimuli have been developed as a promising solution toward reducing the energy consumption of buildings. Recently, energy-efficient smart window technology has attracted increasing scientific interest, with the exploration of energyefficient novel materials as well as integration with practical techniques to generate various desired multi-functionalities. This review systematically summarizes emerging thermoresponsive materials for smart window applications, including hydrogels, ionic liquids, perovskites, metamaterials, and liquid crystals. These are compared with vanadium dioxide (VO2), a conventional and extensively studied material for thermochromic smart window applications. In addition, recent progress on cutting-edge integrated techniques for smart windows is covered, including electro-thermal techniques, self-cleaning, wettability and also 2 integration with solar cells for bifunctional energy conservation and generation. Finally, opportunities and challenges relating to thermochromic smart windows and prospects for future development are discussed. features (Figure 1b); (2) passivity, with their automatic response to temperature cutting down the need for switch systems, for example electrical control requiring external energy and human manipulation; (3) rational stimulus-response, with regulation by indoor temperature rather than UV-triggered optical modulation in photochromic materials.
The table of contents entry:Smart windows are promised significant contribution to the economization of building energy consumption. The rapid development of thermoresonsive materials and integrated techniques provide novel directions beyond conventional pure VO2-based thermochromic smart windows. The review summarizes emerging materials, including hydrogels, ionic liquids, perovskites, and metamaterials and integrated techniques, covering electro-thermal devices, self-cleaning, wettability, and integration with solar cells.