Composite properties of graphene-based materials/natural rubber vulcanized using electron beam irradiation

Phetarporn, Varisara; Loykulnant, Surapich; Kongkaew, Chaveewan; Seubsai, Anusorn; Prapainainar, Paweena

doi:10.1016/j.mtcomm.2019.03.007

Cited by 28 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…[41] According to the literature, the latex mixing method and also in-situ chemical reduction of GO particles in such systems can bring about composites with an appropriate state of dispersion for GO and rGOs, but with different interfacial properties between rubber and particles. [29,42] In this work, we extend the proposed vulcanization kinetics mechanism to the case of rubber composites filled with graphenic particles for the first time. We have chosen to study graphenic particles because of their easy surface modification by in-situ chemical reduction in the latex phase, outstanding reinforcing characteristics due to their high aspect ratio, and widespread applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Vulcanization kinetics of styrene butadiene rubber reinforced by graphenic particles

et al. 2021

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The present study discusses the effects of graphenic particles on the kinetics of sulfur vulcanization in styrene butadiene rubber composites. Using data obtained from a cure rheometer and fitted by an autocatalytic model, it was verified that graphenic particles follow our recently established catalyticnetworking model for the effect of particles on the sulfur vulcanization of rubber, regardless of the type of particles. The magnitude of the catalytic and networking effects depends on surface chemistry and interfacial interactions of particles with rubber that can be tailored by the chemical reduction of graphene oxide. Accordingly, the reduction process decreased the catalytic effect due to the elimination of surface functional groups and increased the networking effect due to the enhancement of filler-rubber interactions and immobilization of rubber. The latter was verified by differential scanning calorimetry and bound rubber measurements.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Vulcanization kinetics of styrene butadiene rubber reinforced by graphenic particles

et al. 2021

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“…The swelling ratio (Q), gel fraction, molecular weight between the crosslink (M c ), and crosslinking density (CLD) were calculated according to Equations (1)-(4), respectively [22,23]. The density of rubber (ρ r ) is 0.91 g/cm 3 . ϕ r is the volume fraction of the polymer in the swollen stage and χ 12 is the polymer-solvent interaction parameter, which was equal to 0.393.…”

Section: Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Natural rubber (NR) extracted from the Hevea brasiliensis tree is a natural and renewable material and a main component of cis-1,4-polyisoprene polymer. NR in its original form has a sticky characteristic and non-elastic properties [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. To improve NR properties for extended applications, vulcanization has been applied to crosslink NR molecules, which makes NR heat stable and elastic [ 1 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Coagent Functionalities on Properties of Ultrafine Fully Vulcanized Powdered Natural Rubber Prepared as Toughening Filler in Rigid PVC

et al. 2021

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Ultrafine fully vulcanized powdered natural rubber (UFPNR) has a promising application as a renewable toughening modifier in polymer matrices. In this work, the effects of acrylate coagents, which had different amounts of functional groups, on properties of UFPNR produced by radiation vulcanization and spray-drying was systematically investigated for the first time. Dipropylene glycol diacrylate (DPGDA), trimethylol propane trimethaacrylate (TMPTMA), and ditrimethylol propane tetraacrylate (DTMPTA) were used as coagents with two, three, and four acrylate groups, respectively. The radiation in the range of 250 to 400 kGy and coagent contents of up to 11 phr were used in the production process. Physical, chemical, and thermal properties of the UFPNR were characterized by swelling analysis, scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. The properties of UFPNR produced by using different type and content of coagents were compared and discussed. The results revealed that UFPNR with the smallest particle size of 3.6 ± 1.1 μm and the highest thermal stability (Td5 = 349 °C) could be obtained by using DTMPTA, which had the highest amount of functional group. It was proposed that the coagent with the greater number of acrylate groups enhanced the crosslinking of natural rubber as it had more reactive groups. Finally, an application of UFPNR as a toughening filler in rigid PVC was demonstrated with 34% improvement of impact strength.

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“…It is known that microwaves increase the molecular vibrations and lower the energy needed for radical initiation or surface activation. Therefore, nowadays, microwaves irradiation is generally used to enhance polymerization in presence of radicals [60] that can create small fragmentation and reticulations or permit to devulcanize the network created by the bonding (Figure 9) due to the addition and reaction with sulfur and, subsequently, improve rubber's viscoelastic nature [15,16,18,58]. This method effectively makes the vulcanized rubber more viscoelastic and easier to recover, but it can damage the material's whole structure by breaking surface sulfur links or creating other uncontrolled bonds if using aggressive power for instance.…”

Section: Reference Method/procedures Analysis Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functionalization of Crumb Rubber Surface for the Incorporation into Asphalt Layers of Reduced Stiffness: An Overview of Existing Treatment Approaches

et al. 2021

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The substitution of mineral aggregates with crumb rubber (CR) from waste end-of-life tires (ELTs) in the asphalt concretes, has been considered a sustainable paving industry approach. The rubber has been used to construct pavements with proven enhanced resilience and improved durability. However, some issues related to the rubber’s surface adhesion or swelling may arise with these practices and generate complications (binder consumption, temperatures, mixing times). One possible solution to overcome the materials’ compatibility problems is to pre-treat the CR’s surface before its incorporation into the asphalt mixes to allow a surface functionalization that can enhance coverage and cohesion inside the mixes. The physical treatments using radiations-based beam are already exploited in the plastic recycling industries avoiding the use of chemicals in considerable amounts. Such treatments permit the recovering of large quantities of polymer-based materials and the enhancement of interfacial properties. This article provides an overview of existing surface treatments of polymers and especially rubber, including gamma ray, UV-ozone, microwaves, and plasma. Several studies have shown an overall improvement of the rubber surface’s reactive properties due to contaminant removal or roughness enhancement attributed to cross-linking or scission reactions occurring on the rubber’s surface layer. With those properties, the asphalt mixes’ phase stability properties are increased when the pre-treated rubber is incorporated. The treatments would permit to increase the CR quantities, yet reduce the layer stiffness, and improve the durability and the sustainability of future advanced road pavements.

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Composite properties of graphene-based materials/natural rubber vulcanized using electron beam irradiation

Cited by 28 publications

References 42 publications

Vulcanization kinetics of styrene butadiene rubber reinforced by graphenic particles

Vulcanization kinetics of styrene butadiene rubber reinforced by graphenic particles

Effects of Coagent Functionalities on Properties of Ultrafine Fully Vulcanized Powdered Natural Rubber Prepared as Toughening Filler in Rigid PVC

Functionalization of Crumb Rubber Surface for the Incorporation into Asphalt Layers of Reduced Stiffness: An Overview of Existing Treatment Approaches

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