Composite scaffolds composed of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular matrix and marrow clots promote marrow cell retention and proliferation

Abstract

Various biomaterials have been investigated in attempts to improve the mechanical stability of marrow clots derived from microfracture to obtain repaired tissue closely resembling hyaline cartilage. The goal of this study was to investigate the retention, adhesion, proliferation, and cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) production of marrow clot-derived cells within a bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived (BMSC-d) ECM/marrow clot composite scaffold. We fabricated BMSC-dECM/marrow clot composite scaffolds and kept them in chondrogenic medium in vitro for 1, 3, or 6 weeks. Unmodified marrow clots were used as a control. The BMSC-dECM/marrow clot composite scaffold exhibited a porous structure suitable for cell attachment and growth and further maintained cell viability. The DNA content measurements revealed that more cells proliferated in the BMSC-dECM/marrow clot composite scaffolds over time than in the marrow clots. Furthermore, the histologic, immunohistochemical, and western blot results demonstrated that the BMSC-dECM/marrow clot composite scaffold produced more hyaline-like cartilage and less fibrocartilage than the marrow clot in culture. Taken together, these findings indicate that the porous BMSC-dECM/marrow clot composite scaffold promotes the retention, attachment, and proliferation of cells from the marrow clot, and thus can stabilize the marrow clot to support chondrogenesis.

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Bone marrow aspirate clot: A technical complication or a smart approach for musculoskeletal tissue regeneration?

“…However, in this study the authors also underlined that this technique results in repaired tissue with low mechanical strength. Thus, in order to increase mechanical strength, (, ), showed that the BMA‐derived mesenchymal stem cells‐derived extracellular matrix (ECM) (BMSC‐dECM) scaffold, manufactured using a freeze‐drying method, favored chondrogenesis of marrow clots, obtained by microholes created in the trochlear groove of rabbits, following microfracture in vitro. Samples included a culture of the marrow clot alone, a culture of the marrow clot with TGF‐β3, a culture of the composite of BMSC‐dECM scaffold and marrow clot alone, and a culture of the composite with TGF‐β3.…”

Does vehicle-based delivery of mesenchymal stromal cells give superior results in knee osteoarthritis? Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

“…78 Wei et al suggested that porous fabricated BM-MSCs -dECM/marrow clot composite scaffold support chondrogenesis by marrow cell retention and proliferation and differentiate into chondrocytes. 79 Yuan et al developed Mg-containing bioactive glass nanospheres (Mg-BGN) admixed with decellularised cartilage extracellular matrix (DCECM) and concluded that Mg-BGN/DCECM composite as a promising tool for cartilage regeneration in articular cartilage defects. 80 Newer technologies for scaffold engineering are 3D printing, selective laser sintering (SLS), stereolithography (SLA), thermal-induced phase separation (TIPS), solvent-casting particulate leaching (SCPL), fused deposition modeling (FDM), bioprinting, electrospinning, and free-drying.…”