In this paper, we use cognitive mapping for four-parameter Logistics model fitting computation and obtain personalized learning resource paths incorporating learners’ fuzzy cognitive mapping after eliminating the influence of blunders and guessing factors on learners’ cognitive assessment. After calculating peer similarity based on the cognitive map, the cognitive change trajectory is tracked, and learning resources are recommended iteratively until students become proficient. Based on the cognitive objective function and knowledge relevance, the cognitive mapping of education management of college students is constructed. The research on the mechanism of higher education management and student cultivation is analyzed from the goal of talent cultivation in colleges and universities. Statistical analysis is utilized to analyze the research on the mechanism of higher education management and student cultivation. The results show that the t-value of the regression results are all greater than 2, the regression results are significant, and its regression coefficient is 0.87, which means that all dimensions of the cultivation mechanism of colleges and universities have a positive impact on external employability. In terms of academic attitude, moral cultivation and academic norms, the supervisor has a greater role in influencing postgraduates, and its percentage values are 49.2%, 52.1% and 46.5%, respectively, and the mean values of the three dimensions are above 4.1, while the standard deviation values are above 1.0. This study provides basic references and effective suggestions to promote the continuous improvement of graduate student training quality and is of great significance to the innovation of educational management and student training mechanisms.