Composition and quality characteristics of carcasses from pigs divergently selected for residual feed intake on high- or low-energy diets1

Arkfeld, E. K.; Young, J. M.; Johnson, R.C.; Fedler, C. A.; Prusa, Kenneth J.; Patience, John F.; Dekkers, Jack C. M.; Gabler, Nicholas K.; Lonergan, Steven M.; Huff-Lonergan, Elisabeth J.

doi:10.2527/jas.2014-8546

Cited by 19 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 137 publications

(160 reference statements)

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“…( 2011 ) reported no line difference in ultimate pH, drip loss or colour coordinates of loin, but Arkfled et al . ( 2015 ) reported lower drip loss, colour scores, lean tissue a* and lipid content and greater moisture content in LRFI pigs in later generations of the same selection experiment.…”

Section: Genetics Of Residual Feed Intake and Impacts On Main Dimensimentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Sensorial analyses in the INRA lines showed that the appearance of raw meat was significantly modified, but eating quality of loin was lowly affected by selection ( Figure 2 ) as reported for the ISU lines (Arkfled et al ., 2015 ), despite muscle metabolic responses to selection. Besides, a multidimensional analysis allowed the identification within the LRFI line of a sub-group of efficient pigs that exhibited both lean carcasses and satisfactory levels of technological and sensory meat quality (Supplementary Material S1, Faure et al , 2012).…”

Section: Genetics Of Residual Feed Intake and Impacts On Main Dimensimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review: divergent selection for residual feed intake in the growing pig

Gilbert

Billon²,

Brossard

et al. 2017

Animal

117

127

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This review summarizes the results from the INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique) divergent selection experiment on residual feed intake (RFI) in growing Large White pigs during nine generations of selection. It discusses the remaining challenges and perspectives for the improvement of feed efficiency in growing pigs. The impacts on growing pigs raised under standard conditions and in alternative situations such as heat stress, inflammatory challenges or lactation have been studied. After nine generations of selection, the divergent selection for RFI led to highly significant (P<0.001) line differences for RFI (−165 g/day in the low RFI (LRFI) line compared with high RFI line) and daily feed intake (−270 g/day). Low responses were observed on growth rate (−12.8 g/day, P<0.05) and body composition (+0.9 mm backfat thickness, P=0.57; −2.64% lean meat content, P<0.001) with a marked response on feed conversion ratio (−0.32 kg feed/kg gain, P<0.001). Reduced ultimate pH and increased lightness of the meat (P<0.001) were observed in LRFI pigs with minor impact on the sensory quality of the meat. These changes in meat quality were associated with changes of the muscular energy metabolism. Reduced maintenance energy requirements (−10% after five generations of selection) and activity (−21% of time standing after six generations of selection) of LRFI pigs greatly contributed to the gain in energy efficiency. However, the impact of selection for RFI on the protein metabolism of the pig remains unclear. Digestibility of energy and nutrients was not affected by selection, neither for pigs fed conventional diets nor for pigs fed high-fibre diets. A significant improvement of digestive efficiency could likely be achieved by selecting pigs on fibre diets. No convincing genetic or blood biomarker has been identified for explaining the differences in RFI, suggesting that pigs have various ways to achieve an efficient use of feed. No deleterious impact of the selection on the sow reproduction performance was observed. The resource allocation theory states that low RFI may reduce the ability to cope with stressors, via the reduction of a buffer compartment dedicated to responses to stress. None of the experiments focussed on the response of pigs to stress or challenges could confirm this theory. Understanding the relationships between RFI and responses to stress and energy demanding processes, as such immunity and lactation, remains a major challenge for a better understanding of the underlying biological mechanisms of the trait and to reconcile the experimental results with the resource allocation theory.

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Section: Genetics Of Residual Feed Intake and Impacts On Main Dimensimentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Genetics Of Residual Feed Intake and Impacts On Main Dimensimentioning

confidence: 99%

Review: divergent selection for residual feed intake in the growing pig

Gilbert

Billon²,

Brossard

et al. 2017

Animal

117

127

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“…Differences in CBC profiles between the two lines have been published elsewhere [ 35 ]. At 107.0 ± 8.3 (mean ± standard deviation) days of age and 42.2 ± 7.2 kg of body weight (BW), 88 gilts and 78 barrows were randomly assigned to 12 mixed-line, mixed-sex finishing pens with electronic single-space feeders (FIRE, Osborne Industries Inc., Osborne, KS) for feed efficiency test, with 6 pens being randomly assigned to either of two diets: a high-fiber, low-energy diet (HFD) and a low-fiber, high-energy diet (LFD) [ 38 ]. The animals on feed efficiency test consisted of 21 barrows and 22 gilts from the low RFI line plus 14 barrows and 23 gilts from the high RFI line fed the HFD, and 23 barrows and 23 gilts from the low RFI line plus 20 barrows and 20 gilts from the high RFI line fed the LFD.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-weaning blood transcriptomic differences between Yorkshire pigs divergently selected for residual feed intake

Nguyen

Nettleton

et al. 2016

BMC Genomics

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BackgroundImproving feed efficiency (FE) of pigs by genetic selection is of economic and environmental significance. An increasingly accepted measure of feed efficiency is residual feed intake (RFI). Currently, the molecular mechanisms underlying RFI are largely unknown. Additionally, to incorporate RFI into animal breeding programs, feed intake must be recorded on individual pigs, which is costly and time-consuming. Thus, convenient and predictive biomarkers for RFI that can be measured at an early age are greatly desired. In this study, we aimed to explore whether differences exist in the global gene expression profiles of peripheral blood of 35 to 42 day-old pigs with extremely low (more efficient) and high RFI (less efficient) values from two lines that were divergently selected for RFI during the grow-finish phase, to use such information to explore the potential molecular basis of RFI differences, and to initiate development of predictive biomarkers for RFI.ResultsWe identified 1972 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (q ≤ 0.15) between the low (n = 15) and high (n = 16) RFI groups of animals by using RNA sequencing technology. We validated 24 of 37 selected DEGs by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) in a joint analysis of 24 (12 per line) of the 31 samples already used for RNA-seq plus 24 (12 per line) novel samples from the same contemporary group of pigs. Using an analysis of the 24 novel samples alone, only nine of the 37 selected DEGs were validated. Genes involved in small molecule biosynthetic process, antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I, and steroid biosynthetic process were overrepresented among DEGs that had higher expression in the low versus high RFI animals. Genes known to function in the proteasome complex or mitochondrion were also significantly enriched among genes with higher expression in the low versus high RFI animals. Alternatively, genes involved in signal transduction, bone mineralization and regulation of phosphorylation were overrepresented among DEGs with lower expression in the low versus high RFI animals. The DEGs significantly overlapped with genes associated with disease, including hyperphagia, eating disorders and mitochondrial diseases (q < 1E-05). A weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified four co-expression modules that were differentially expressed between the low and high RFI groups. Genes involved in lipid metabolism, regulation of bone mineralization, cellular immunity and response to stimulus were overrepresented within the two modules that were most significantly differentially expressed between the low and high RFI groups. We also found five of the DEGs and one of the co-expression modules were significantly associated with the RFI phenotype of individual animals (q < 0.05).ConclusionsThe post-weaning blood transcriptome was clearly different between the low and high RFI groups. The identified DEGs suggested potential differences in mitochondrial and proteasom...

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“…The use of alternative feed resources (generally rich in fibers) that do not compete with food for humans is a challenge for the present and the future feeding strategies. However, interactions between RFI genotypes and these resources can affect body composition [ 7 , 8 ]. An integrated approach combining genetics and nutrition is then necessary to get a better understanding of the complex biology underlying RFI and associated responses [ 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Whole Blood Transcriptomics Is Relevant to Identify Molecular Changes in Response to Genetic Selection for Feed Efficiency and Nutritional Status in the Pig

et al. 2016

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The molecular mechanisms underlying feed efficiency need to be better understood to improve animal efficiency, a research priority to support a competitive and sustainable livestock production. This study was undertaken to determine whether pig blood transcriptome was affected by differences in feed efficiency and by ingested nutrients. Growing pigs from two lines divergently selected for residual feed intake (RFI) and fed isoproteic and isocaloric diets contrasted in energy source and nutrients were considered. Between 74 and 132 days of age, pigs (n = 12 by diet and by line) received a regular diet rich in cereals and low in fat (LF) or a diet where cereals where partially substituted by lipids and fibers (HF). At the end of the feeding trial, the total number of white blood cells was not affected by the line or by the diet, whereas the red blood cell number was higher (P<0.001) in low RFI than in high RFI pigs. Analysis of the whole blood transcriptome using a porcine microarray reveals a higher number of probes differentially expressed (DE) between RFI lines than between diets (2,154 versus 92 probes DE, P<0.01). This corresponds to 528 overexpressed genes and 477 underexpressed genes in low RFI pigs compared with high RFI pigs, respectively. Overexpressed genes were predominantly associated with translational elongation. Underexpressed genes were mainly involved in the immune response, regulation of inflammatory response, anti-apoptosis process, and cell organization. These findings suggest that selection for RFI has affected the immune status and defense mechanisms of pigs. Genes DE between diets were mainly related to the immune system and lipid metabolism. Altogether, this study demonstrates the usefulness of the blood transcriptome to identify the main biological processes affected by genetic selection and feeding strategies.

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Composition and quality characteristics of carcasses from pigs divergently selected for residual feed intake on high- or low-energy diets1

Cited by 19 publications

References 137 publications

Review: divergent selection for residual feed intake in the growing pig

Review: divergent selection for residual feed intake in the growing pig

Post-weaning blood transcriptomic differences between Yorkshire pigs divergently selected for residual feed intake

Whole Blood Transcriptomics Is Relevant to Identify Molecular Changes in Response to Genetic Selection for Feed Efficiency and Nutritional Status in the Pig

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