“…Such a distribution suggests that non-litoraneous segments of at least these four principal river basins from the system of coastal drainages of eastern Brazil have closer affinities with the adjacent portions of the rio Paraná and rio São Francisco basins than with their own mid and lower courses. Concerning the rio Paraguaçu basin, this situation is highlighted by the discovery of a high number of species in the upper reaches of the river that were previously known only from interior basins or with close phylogenetic relationships to lineages inhabiting these interior drainages (Santos & Caramaschi, 2007), for example: Apareiodon hasemani Eigenmann and Phenacogaster franciscoensis Eigenmann, both considered endemic to the rio São Francisco basin Pavanelli, 2003), Moenkhausia diamantina Benine, Castro & Santos, that is probably related to a species-group whose members live in the drainages of Guyanas, and Amazon, Orinoco, Paranaíba, São Francisco, Paraná, Paraguay, and Uruguay basins (Lima et al, 2003;Benine et al, 2007), Trichomycterus cf. brasiliensis, that possibly pertains to T. brasiliensis species-complex, which is distributed through the upper rio Paraná, upper reaches of the rio São Francisco, rio Paraíba do Sul, and rio Ribeira do Iguape (Bockmann & Sazima, 2004), and Pamphorichthys hollandi (Henn), known from the rio São Francisco, rio Parnaíba and upper rio Paraná basins (Figueiredo, 1997;Lucinda, 2003;Casatti et al, 2006).…”