Composition and structural features of cell wall polysaccharides from tomato fruits

Seymour, Graham B.; Colquhoun, Ian J.; DuPont, M.Susan; Parsley, K. R.; Selvendran, Robert R.

doi:10.1016/0031-9422(90)80008-5

Cited by 169 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…In sycamore suspension-cultured cells, half of the XG polymer is composed of the subunits XXFG and XXXG; however, the rest of the molecules is composed of subunits with more extensive sidechain substitution (York etal., 1995). In another example, XG from the growing tissues of tobacco and tomato does not possess subunits with fucosylated trisaccharide sidechains (Maclachlan and Brady, 1994;Seymour et aL, 1990;York et aL, 1996). However, it appears that the sidechain chemistry in these XGs is appreciably different from the forms discussed in this study (York et aL, 1996) and it is therefore possible that different conformational preferences dictate the formation of the cellulose binding conformation.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Xg Binding To Cellulosementioning

confidence: 64%

Xyloglucan sidechains modulate binding to cellulose during in vitro binding assays as predicted by conformational dynamics simulations

1997

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SummaryCross-links between cellulose microfibrils and xyloglucan (XG) molecules play a major role in defining the structural properties of plant cell walls and the regulation of growth and development of dicotyledonous plants. How these cross-links are established and how they are regulated has yet to be determined. In a previous study, preliminary data were presented which suggested that the different sidechains of XG may play a role in controlling cellulose microfibriI-XG interactions. In this study, this question is addressed directly by analyzing to what extent the different sidechains of pea cell wall XG and nasturtium seed storage XG affect their binding to cellulose microfibrils. Of particular importance to this study are the chemical data indicating that pea XG possesses a trisaccharide sidechain, which is not found in nasturtium XG. To this end, conformational dynamic simulations have been used to predict whether oligosaccharides representative of pea and nasturtium XG can adopt a hypothesized cellulosebinding conformation and which of these XGs exhibits a preferential ability to bind cellulose. Extensive analysis of the conformational forms populated during 300 K and high-temperature Monte Carlo simulations established that a planar, sterically accessible, glucan backbone is essential for optimal cellulose-binding. For the trisaccharide sidechain-containing oligosaccharide as found in pea XG, sidechain orientation appeared to regulate the gradual acquisition of this hypothesized cellulose binding conformation. Thus, conformational forms were identified that included the twisted backbone (non-planar) putative solution form of XG, forms in which the trisaccharide sidechain orientation enables increased backbone planarity and steric accessibility, and finally a planar, sterically accessible, backbone. By applying these conformational requirements for cellulose binding, it has been Received 25 May 1996; revised 11 October 1996; accepted 12 November 1996. *For correspondence (fax +1 303 492 7744; e-mail levy@spot.colorado.edu).determined that pea XG possesses a two-to threefold occurrence of the cellulose binding conformation than nasturtium XG. Based on this finding, it was predicted that pea XG would bind to cellulose at a higher rate than nasturtium XG. In vitro binding assays showed that pea XG-avicel binding does indeed occur at a twofold higher rate than nasturtium XG-avicel binding. The enhanced ability of pea cell wall XG over nasturtium seed storage XG to associate with cellulose is consistent with a structural role of the former during epicotyl growth where efficient association with cellulose is a requirement. In contrast, the relatively low ability of nasturtium XG to bind cellulose is consistent with the need to enhance the accessibility of this polymer to glycanases during germination. These findings suggest potential roles for XG sidechain substitution, enabling XG to function in a variety of different biological contexts.

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Section: Mechanisms Of Xg Binding To Cellulosementioning

confidence: 64%

Xyloglucan sidechains modulate binding to cellulose during in vitro binding assays as predicted by conformational dynamics simulations

1997

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“…Studies on pectins isolated from unripe tomato fruits have emphasized the importance of the polyelectrolyte and calcium-binding nature of pectin in promoting swelling (MacDougall et al, 1996;Tibbits et al, 1998). Studies have indicated that pectin solubilization occurs at early stages of fruit ripening (Seymour et al, 1990;Rose et al, 1998) and the swelling of CW in a range of fruit has been reported to correlate with pectin solubilization (Redgwell et al, 1997b). It has been reported previously that Cnr fruit do not express PG (Thompson et al, 1999) and preliminary evidence suggests that the activity of the main fruit-related isoform of PME in Cnr is reduced significantly (E. Eriksson, G. Tucker, and G.B.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Ripening-related textural changes in the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) fruit pericarp have been extensively studied and are thought to be associated with alterations in CW properties due to modifications of the polysaccharide components, including the cellulose-xyloglucan network (Sakurai and Nevins, 1993;Maclachlan and Brady, 1994;Rose and Bennett, 1999) and the pectic matrix (Gross and Sams, 1984;Seymour et al, 1990). Several single-gene mutations have pleiotropic effects on ripening, including an inhibition of fruit softening, and these have been very useful for understanding the molecular mechanisms associated with softening (DellaPenna et al, 1989;Gray et al, 1994).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Altered Middle Lamella Homogalacturonan and Disrupted Deposition of (1→5)-α-l-Arabinan in the Pericarp ofCnr, a Ripening Mutant of Tomato

Seymour²,

et al. 2001

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Cnr (colorless non-ripening) is a pleiotropic tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) fruit ripening mutant with altered tissue properties including weaker cell-to-cell contacts in the pericarp (A.J. Thompson, M. Tor, C.S. Barry, J. Vrebalov, C. Orfila, M.C. Jarvis, J.J. Giovannoni, D. Grierson, G.B. Seymour [1999] Plant Physiol 120: 383-390). Whereas the genetic basis of the Cnr mutation is being identified by molecular analyses, here we report the identification of cell biological factors underlying the Cnr texture phenotype. In comparison with wild type, ripe-stage Cnr fruits have stronger, non-swollen cell walls (CW) throughout the pericarp and extensive intercellular space in the inner pericarp. Using electron energy loss spectroscopy imaging of calcium-binding capacity and anti-homogalacturonan (HG) antibody probes (PAM1 and JIM5) we demonstrate that maturation processes involving middle lamella HG are altered in Cnr fruit, resulting in the absence or a low level of HG-/calcium-based cell adhesion. We also demonstrate that the deposition of (135)-␣-l-arabinan is disrupted in Cnr pericarp CW and that this disruption occurs prior to fruit ripening. The relationship between the disruption of (135)-␣-larabinan deposition in pericarp CW and the Cnr phenotype is discussed.The modification of cell walls (CW) is an important aspect of plant cell development. During fruit ripening the regulated swelling and dissolution of primary CW and the modification of middle lamellae (ML) between adherent primary CW are important factors contributing to tissue softening (Brady, 1987; Fischer and Bennett, 1991). The biochemistry and the spatial regulation of the dissolution of primary CW and ML are not fully understood, but in all cases appear to involve modifications to the network of pectic polysaccharides.The multi-functional pectic polysaccharides are the most complex class of polysaccharides in primary plant CW (Jarvis, 1984). Core backbone structures of contiguous 1,4-linked ␣-d-galacturonic acid (homogalacturonan, HG) or repeats of the disaccharide [34)-␣-d-GalA-(132)-␣-l-Rha-(13] (rhamnogalacturonan, RG) are elaborated with a range of modifications and substitutions. These include methylesterification, acetylation, and the addition of neutral polysaccharide side chains. Side chains may be attached to HG and RG to form the branched polysaccharides RG-II and RG-I, respectively, the latter often rich in (135)-␣-l-arabinan and (134)-␤-d-galactan components (O'Neill et al., 1990; Albersheim et al., 1996; Mohnen 1999). Several of these pectic structures appear to be capable of being enzymatically modified in muro. For example, the de-esterification of HG by pectin methyl esterases (PMEs) influences its capacity to form calcium cross-linked gels. The relationships of pectic polysaccharide domains within large polymer structures and their functional properties in relation to factors such as porosity, cell adhesion and expansion, ionic and hydration status, and cell signaling, are far from clear.Ripening-related textural changes in t...

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“…Extensive research has focused on the biochemical and molecular aspects of fruit ripening using tomato as a model system. During tomato ripening, remodeling and degradation of the cell wall is intimately involved in softening (Crookes and Grierson, 1983;Seymour et al, 1990;Matas et al, 2009). Several single gene mutants in tomato have been identified that have a global effect on ripening and texture.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Resolution Mapping of a Fruit Firmness-Related Quantitative Trait Locus in Tomato Reveals Epistatic Interactions Associated with a Complex Combinatorial Locus

Chapman

Bonnet²,

Grivet³

et al. 2012

Plant Physiology

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Fruit firmness in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is determined by a number of factors including cell wall structure, turgor, and cuticle properties. Firmness is a complex polygenic trait involving the coregulation of many genes and has proved especially challenging to unravel. In this study, a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for fruit firmness was mapped to tomato chromosome 2 using the Zamir Solanum pennellii interspecific introgression lines (ILs) and fine-mapped in a population consisting of 7,500 F2 and F3 lines from IL 2-3 and IL 2-4. This firmness QTL contained five distinct subpeaks, Fir s.p. QTL2.1 to Fir s.p. QTL2.5, and an effect on a distal region of IL 2-4 that was nonoverlapping with IL 2-3. All these effects were located within an 8.6-Mb region. Using genetic markers, each subpeak within this combinatorial locus was mapped to a physical location within the genome, and an ethylene response factor (ERF) underlying Fir s.p. QTL2.2 and a region containing three pectin methylesterase (PME) genes underlying Fir s.p. QTL2.5 were nominated as QTL candidate genes. Statistical models used to explain the observed variability between lines indicated that these candidates and the nonoverlapping portion of IL 2-4 were sufficient to account for the majority of the fruit firmness effects. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify the expression of each candidate gene. ERF showed increased expression associated with soft fruit texture in the mapping population. In contrast, PME expression was tightly linked with firm fruit texture. Analysis of a range of recombinant lines revealed evidence for an epistatic interaction that was associated with this combinatorial locus.

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Composition and structural features of cell wall polysaccharides from tomato fruits

Cited by 169 publications

References 22 publications

Xyloglucan sidechains modulate binding to cellulose during in vitro binding assays as predicted by conformational dynamics simulations

Xyloglucan sidechains modulate binding to cellulose during in vitro binding assays as predicted by conformational dynamics simulations

Altered Middle Lamella Homogalacturonan and Disrupted Deposition of (1→5)-α-l-Arabinan in the Pericarp ofCnr, a Ripening Mutant of Tomato

High-Resolution Mapping of a Fruit Firmness-Related Quantitative Trait Locus in Tomato Reveals Epistatic Interactions Associated with a Complex Combinatorial Locus

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