Composition, antioxidant activity, and neuroprotective effects of anthocyanin-rich extract from purple highland barley bran and its promotion on autophagy

Neuroprotective Potency of Tofu Bio-Processed Using Actinomucor elegans against Hypoxic Injury Induced by Cobalt Chloride in PC12 Cells

“…Intracellular antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), play important roles in the defensive mechanism to prevent ROS oxidative injuries [ 19 ]. Compared with untreated cells, CAT and SOD activity of the CoCl 2 -treated cells increased by 5.10% ( p > 0.05) and 12.02% ( p < 0.05), respectively ( Figure 4 D,E), possibly due to the activation of the intracellular adaptive defense mechanism against the overproduction of ROS in PC12 cells, which was in agreement with Zhang et al (2020) [ 30 ] and Anwar et al’s (2014) observations [ 32 ]. However, the expressed enzymatic activity was not enough for cells to offset CoCl 2 -imposed toxicity.…”

“…CoCl 2 -induced cell injury can also manifest as compromised cell membrane integrity, resulting in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage [ 30 ]. The LDH release was also measured in PC12 cells exposed to different treatments ( Figure 3 B).…”

“…Intracellular autophagy can play an important role in chemical hypoxia- and oxidant-induced damage [ 36 ]. To monitor autophagy, the alterations of two marker proteins, LC3-II and p62, were analyzed by western blot ( Figure 7 ) [ 30 ]. Torin-2 is a novel, second-generation ATP-competitive inhibitor that is potent and selective for mTOR [ 37 ].…”

“…Cell viability was determined by MTT assay [ 30 ]. Briefly, cells were inoculated in 96-well plates at a density of 1.4 × 10 4 cells/well for 12 h and then exposed to CoCl 2 (100–1000 μM) in the absence or presence of the UT or FT extracts (0.125–4 mg/mL) for 12 h. The MTT solution was added at a final concentration of 1 mg/mL, and plates were incubated for another 4 h. After the culture medium was removed, 150 μL of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) was added and then the absorbance was read at 490 nm.…”

“…The western blot analysis was performed following Zhang et al (2020) [ 30 ]. Shortly, PC12 cells were lysed in RIPA buffer composed of 50 mM Tris (pH 7.4), 150 mM NaCl, 1% NP-40, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate, and several inhibitors such as sodium orthovanadate and sodium fluoride.…”