Composition, Fate and Effects of Produced Water Discharges to Nearshore Marine Waters

Pollution Impact and Alternative Treatment for Produced Water

“…Findings indicate that in spite of all the level of toxicity of produced water effluent, there is paucity of information on their real impact on the exposed ecology [24,27]. Produced water from oil and gas industries often is permitted to be discharged to the environment [2,28]. In offshore drilling, produced water are mostly discharged to the immediate aquatic environment.…”

Produced water discharges to the Gulf of Mexico: Background information for ecological risk assessments

“…Over the life of a well, the volume of water produced often increases as the volume of oil or gas decreases. In many of the older fields in the coastal waters of Louisiana and Texas, production may be 95% water and 5 percent oil or gas (Neff et al, 1989). Produced water discharge rates for oil wells in the Gulf of Mexico range from 0.5 bbl/d to more than 187,000 bbl/d (Table 6-3).…”

“…Since most produced waters have dissolved solids concentrations higher than that of sea water (30-39 ppt), discharge of such waters to the ocean results in a localized elevation in salinity. Also, the concentration ratios of several major ions (particularly calcium and magnesium) in produced water may be markedly different than those of sea water, leading to adverse reactions in organisms in the receiving waters (Neff et al, 1989). However, mixing and dilution of produced water discharged into deep water offshore regions is rapid, and concentrations of contaminants may be undetectable more than a few meters from the discharge point.…”

Estudo Da Cinética E Equilíbrio Da Adsorção Da Água Produzida Do Petróleo Na Remoção De Carbono Orgânico

“…A água produzida possui uma variedade de produtos químicos, que têm sido dissolvidos na formação durante milhares de anos. Estes incluem sais inorgânicos, vários metais e uma diversidade de compostos orgânicos e elementos radioativos naturais, que podem ser encontrados em concentrações traços (Neff et al, 1992). A presença dos componentes químicos caracteriza a água produzida como sendo uma fonte agressora ao meio ambiente, um exemplo é a variedade de compostos orgânicos dispersos e dissolvidos presentes que apresentam grande risco ao meio ambiente.…”