Composition of 12–18th century window glass in Belgium: Non-figurative windows in secular buildings and stained-glass windows in religious buildings

Schalm, Olivier; Janssens, Koen; Wouters, Hilde; Caluwe, Danielle

doi:10.1016/j.sab.2007.03.006

Cited by 83 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Glass from the Roman imperial time (soda glass [3,14] ), excavated over a wide geographical region: natural and deeply colored glass, with a special group of black-appearing glass; 2. Medieval window glass [high-lime-low-alkali glass (HLLA) and potash glass [3,21] )] from different sites in Belgium and France; 3. Vividly colored Bohemian glass (20th century); 4.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Raman spectroscopy as a tool for the detection of iron in glass

Baert

Meulebroeck

Wouters

et al. 2011

J Raman Spectroscopy

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Raman spectroscopy has been used to identify iron-containing glasses. This nondestructive technique offers a fast method to obtain qualitative information about the presence of iron oxides in glass. The effect of the iron content in glass samples is reflected on the topology of the Raman spectra: A strong link between the ratio of the Q 2 /Q 3 vibration units of the silica tetrahedral structure is seen. If matrix effects are taken into account, also (semi)quantitative results can be obtained from the calibration lines. The linear calibration is based on the normalized band intensity at 980 cm −1 (I 980 /I 1090 ) and the iron oxide concentration for similar glasses. In amber and dark colored glasses, an extra peak in the spectrum indicates the presence of a FeS chromophore. Different series of glasses of various origins (ancient and modern/industrial glass) have been considered.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Raman spectroscopy as a tool for the detection of iron in glass

Baert

Meulebroeck

Wouters

et al. 2011

J Raman Spectroscopy

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“…The identification of colouring and opacifying minerals in ancient glasses, often accompanied by the identification of glass type, has been the object of a certain number of studies on Roman mosaic tesserae [50,51,52], a wide range of beads, rings and mosaic tesserae from Ifriqiya [52], on Omayyad tesserae [53] and on trade glass beads from South Africa [33] and the Far East [54]. Further studies have regarded the corrosion processes and the identification of degradation products of glass objects in museum deposits [55][56][57] and of stained glass windows [58,59]. One reason for the scarcity of studies carried out on blown/enamelled glass could be the fragility of these artefacts, which makes them rare and not very accessible for measurements.…”

Section: Case Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non–Destructive Raman Analysis of Ancient Glasses and Glazes

Colomban

2013

Modern Methods for Analysing Archaeological and Historical Glass

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Glass has been produced and used since ancient times because of its malleability at moderate temperatures and its more or less pronounced optical clarity. The latter characteristic makes optical spectroscopic methods ideally suited for its study. Glass has not only been produced to make glass artefacts, in fact the largest range of glass compositions was prepared by potters in order to coat pottery with glazes and to apply complex enamelled coatings to make porous ceramic bodies impermeable or for decorative purposes. Enamels have also been deposited on metals, mainly copper and its alloys, since the earliest times. All of these uses require the preparation of glass compositions ranging from a high silica content (typically 11 SiO 2 , ∼1 K 2 O for porcelain glazes melting at ∼1400 • C) to a low-melting lead-rich glass (PbO−SiO 2 ) with a melting temperature below 600 • C [1].All applications in the science, art and technology of glasses, glazes and enamels consist of a controlled modification of the three-dimensional Si−O network by replacement of Si 4+ covalently bonded atoms by noncovalently bonded atoms, hence decreasing the number of Si−O bridges and the connectivity of the network, that is, modifying the glass nanostructure. Consequently, the melting temperature decreases and many other physical/chemical properties related to the density and network connectivity, such as thermal expansion, chemical resistance, and so on are modified accordingly. This was performed more or less empirically by glass-makers by mixing a glass former, namely silica, with low-melting temperature compounds, such as soda-or potash-rich materials. Grinding the materials is the most difficult aspect in preparing ceramics and glass batches, and therefore ancient glassmakers and potters used natural fine silica powders (fine sand or roasted flint pebbles crumbled by dipping in water) as glass formers and some fine-grained minerals, shells Modern Methods for Analysing Archaeological and Historical Glass, First Edition. Edited by Koen Janssens.

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“…The most characteristic chemical features of glass used in the Middle Ages for the production of cathedral windows in Central Europe are low levels of SiO 2 (often lower than 60 wt.%), high levels of K 2 O (12-26 wt.%) and CaO (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27) wt.%), and the presence of P 2 O 5 (1-6 wt.%) and MgO (2-7 wt.%) resulting from the use of beech and fern ashes as fluxing agents after about 1000 AD [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. This kind of glass, known as PLS (Potash-Lime-Silica glass), was produced by mixing one part washed sand, or ground quartz pebbles, and two parts beech wood ash, as testified by the Benedictine monk Teophilus in "De diversis artibus" [10,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%