Composition of Garnet from the Xianghualing Skarn Sn Deposit, South China: Its Petrogenetic Significance and Exploration Potential

Yang, Fan; Shu, Qihai; Niu, Xiuxiu; Xing, Kai; Li, Linlong; Lentz, David R.; Zeng, Qingwen; Yang, Wenjie

doi:10.3390/min10050456

Cited by 18 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Tin is likely to have been incorporated into the Fe‐rich garnet as the massive garnet endoskarn has much higher Sn than the diopside endoskarn (10.0 versus 1.4 ppm; Table 3). This incorporation was probably due to the substitution 3Sn 4+ + [] = 4Fe 3+ ([] = a divalent cations‐site vacancy in the octahedral site; Yu et al, 2020) in the garnet under relatively oxidizing conditions (Ding et al, 2018; Park et al, 2017) during the formation of the prograde endoskarns. Subsequent retrograde endoskarnification (allanite ± epidote ± chlorite ± calcite) and potassic (biotite + hematite ± quartz) alteration, again occurred under relatively oxidizing conditions, as suggested from the incorporation of significant Fe 3+ in these mineral assemblages.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical changes during endoskarn and porphyry‐style alteration and Cu—Fe exoskarn mineralization in the Tonglushan system, eastern China

Zhang,

Williamson,

Ullmann

et al. 2023

Resource Geology

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Element mobility and chemical mass transfer are evaluated in the formation of Cu—Fe exoskarn deposits and endoskarn and minor porphyry‐style alteration in the Tonglushan quartz monzodiorite (QMD) system, eastern China. Endoskarn formation involved the migration of Ca into the QMD from the exoskarnification of carbonates (now marble) xenoliths and wall rocks, addition of Fe and Mn by magmatic‐hydrothermal fluids emanating from the interior of the QMD, and removal of alkali elements due to the replacement of feldspars and mica by prograde skarn minerals. Zirconium, Hf, U, and rare earth elements (REE) were added by hydrothermal fluids which were able to carry these often poorly mobile high field strength elements (HFSE) due to elevated F activity. Additions of Al were likely from Na‐rich fluids that also caused sodic alteration. Several factors favored mineralization within the exoskarns rather than endoskarns and QMD. The endoskarns were relatively oxidizing, as evidenced by a significant addition of Fe3+, which caused Cu to remain in magmatic‐hydrothermal fluids until they entered and precipitated sulphides in the more reducing environment of the exoskarns. Fluid migration from the QMD through the endoskarns and into the exoskarns was favored due to decarbonation of wall rock carbonates and related upwards migration of CO2 to produce a self‐sustaining chimney effect, which drew further fluids towards the carbonates to form, alter and mineralize the exoskarns. The higher porosity and permeability of the endoskarns compared with the QMD further promoted the lateral flow of Cu‐bearing fluids towards the exoskarns and limited porphyry‐style alteration and mineralization within the QMD. This proposed mechanism is only likely to be relevant for porphyry‐type systems developed predominantly within carbonate host rocks. Its significance for exploration models is that relatively poorly mineralized porphyry stocks in this setting may be associated with more substantive exoskarn deposits on their margins.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical changes during endoskarn and porphyry‐style alteration and Cu—Fe exoskarn mineralization in the Tonglushan system, eastern China

Zhang,

Williamson,

Ullmann

et al. 2023

Resource Geology

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“…In this paper, we collected the average Sn content in garnets from the Xianghualing, Baiganhu, Gejiu, and Huangshaping skarn-type tin deposits, which were 4294.79 ppm [62], 964.75 ppm [63], 2020.00 ppm [64], and 2109.24 ppm [30], respectively. The average Sn content in garnet from the zinc-copper ore bodies of the Changpo-Tongkeng deposit was 2377.65 ppm, which was comparable to that in the above mentioned tin deposits.…”

Section: The Occurrence State Of Ore-forming Elements and Metallogeni...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Geochemical Characteristics of Garnet from Zinc–Copper Ore Bodies in the Changpo–Tongkeng Deposit and Its Geological Significance

Liang

Denghong

et al. 2023

Minerals

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The Changpo–Tongkeng tin polymetallic deposit in Dachang, Guangxi, is a world-class, superlarge, polymetallic tin deposit consisting of lower skarn zinc–copper ore bodies and upper tin polymetallic ore bodies. Garnet is the main gangue mineral in the skarn zinc–copper ore bodies and has a granular texture. Based on hand specimens and microscopic observations, the existing garnet can be divided into two generations: an early generation (Grt I) and a late generation (Grt II). The results of electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) in situ microanalysis show that the contents of SiO2 and CaO in the garnets from the two generations present limited variations, while the FeOT and Al2O3 contents vary significantly, indicating the grossular–andradite solid solution series (Gro29–82And12–69). Compared with Grt I (Gro72And25), Grt II (Gro39And59) is Fe-enriched and oscillatory zoning is developed. The total rare earth element (REE) contents in the two generations of garnet are relatively low, showing light rare earth element (LREE) depletion and heavy rare earth element (HREE) enrichment patterns. Grt II has higher REE content than Grt I and exhibits significant negative Eu anomalies (δEu = 0.18–0.44). The contents and variation characteristics of the major and trace elements in the two generations of garnet suggest that there were variable redox conditions and water/rock ratios in the hydrothermal system during the crystallization process of garnet. In the early stage, skarnization was in a relatively closed and low-oxygen fugacity system, with hydrothermal diffusion metasomatism being dominant, forming homogeneous Grt I lacking well-developed zoning. In the late stage of skarnization, the oxygen fugacity of the ore-forming fluids increased, with infiltration metasomatism being dominant, forming Grt II with well-developed oscillatory zoning. The contents of Sn, As, W, In, and Ge in the garnets are relatively high and increase with the proportion of andradite. Sn in zinc–copper ore bodies mainly exists in the form of isomorphic substitution in garnet, which may be the main reason for the lack of tin ore bodies during the skarn stage. This paper compares the trace element contents in garnets from domestic skarn deposits. The results indicate that the Sn content and δEu in garnet can be used to evaluate the tin-forming potential of skarn deposits.

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“…The Sn content can be continuously enriched during magmatic evolution and then partitioned into minerals, such as cassiterite (Schmidt et al, 2020;Xiang et al, 2020). A small amount of Sn can be preserved in the lattice of early rock-forming minerals, such as garnet (Yu et al, 2020). Increased Sn contents in the late-stage hydrothermal tourmaline possibly reflect magmatic-hydrothermal evolution (Zhao et al, 2019;Harlaux et al, 2020) or/and hydrothermal fluid leaching the early minerals through water-rock interactions (Harlaux et al, 2020).…”

Section: Implications For Metal Enrichment and Mineralizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrothermal fluid evolution in the Cuonadong Sn–W–Be polymetallic deposit, southern Tibet: indicated by the in–situ element and boron isotope compositions of tourmaline

Xie

Yan²,

Zhang³

et al. 2023

Front. Earth Sci.

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The Cuonadong Sn–W–Be polymetallic deposit in the Himalayan leucogranite belt is a representative hydrothermal deposit. The role of fluid exsolution directly from magma and the fluid reaction with surrounding rocks for ore-forming element enrichment is still controversial. Tourmaline is a significant B-bearing mineral in the hydrothermal deposit, and its geochemical and B isotopic signatures can record the source and evolution of the ore-forming fluid. Two types of hydrothermal tourmaline in the hydrothermal quartz vein (Tur-1) and skarn (Tur-2) were used in this study. Both Tur-1 and Tur-2 have low X-site occupancy and mainly belong to the alkali group. Tur-1 plots in the schorl field, whereas Tur-2 is largely Mg-rich dravite. The B isotope analyses of Tur-1 have δ11B values of −13.7 to −13.2‰, whereas Tur-2 has higher δ11B values of −11.1 to −9.3‰. The distinct contact relationship and geochemical compositions suggest that Tur-1 in the hydrothermal vein was formed from a magmatic-hydrothermal fluid with little influence from surrounding rocks and had a genetic relationship with the Cuonadong leucogranite, whereas Tur-2 in the skarn involved more fluid from surrounding rocks with high δ11B values and strong metasomatic texture. The higher ore-forming element contents in Tur-2 than those in Tur-1 indicate that the reaction between the magmatic exsolution fluid and the surrounding rock is essential for the enrichment and precipitation of ore-forming elements.

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Composition of Garnet from the Xianghualing Skarn Sn Deposit, South China: Its Petrogenetic Significance and Exploration Potential

Cited by 18 publications

References 47 publications

Chemical changes during endoskarn and porphyry‐style alteration and Cu—Fe exoskarn mineralization in the Tonglushan system, eastern China

Chemical changes during endoskarn and porphyry‐style alteration and Cu—Fe exoskarn mineralization in the Tonglushan system, eastern China

Geochemical Characteristics of Garnet from Zinc–Copper Ore Bodies in the Changpo–Tongkeng Deposit and Its Geological Significance

Hydrothermal fluid evolution in the Cuonadong Sn–W–Be polymetallic deposit, southern Tibet: indicated by the in–situ element and boron isotope compositions of tourmaline

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