Composition of the essential oils of three Malaysian Xylopia species (Annonaceae)

Abstract

The rich and diversified Malaysian flora represents an excellent resource of new chemical structures with biological activities. The genus Xylopia L. includes aromatic plants that have both nutritional and medicinal uses. This study aims to contribute with information about the volatile components of three Xylopia species essential oils: Xylopia frutescens, Xylopia ferruginea, and Xylopia magna. In this study, essential oils were extracted from the leaves by a hydrodistillation process. The identification of the essential oil components was performed by gas chromatography (GC-FID) and gas chromatography–coupled mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The major components of the essential oils from X. frutescens were bicyclogermacrene (22.8%), germacrene D (14.2%), elemol (12.8%), and guaiol (12.8%), whereas components of the essential oils from X. magna were germacrene D (35.9%), bicyclogermacrene (22.8%), and spathulenol (11.1%). The X. ferruginea oil was dominated by bicyclogermacrene (23.6%), elemol (13.7%), guaiol (13.4%), and germacrene D (12.3%).

Chemical Evaluation, Phytotoxic Potential, and In Silico Study of Essential Oils from Leaves of Guatteria schomburgkiana Mart. and Xylopia frutescens Aubl. (Annonaceae) from the Brazilian Amazon

“…The yield for the present samples is higher than that reported in the literature. Cascaes et al [ 3 ] and Shakri et al [ 34 ] obtained yields of 1.50% and 0.15%, respectively, for EO from the leaves of Xfru. These values indicate that the yield of the EO of Xfru in the present study is lower than that found by Cascaes et al [ 3 ] and considerably higher than that reported by Shakri et al [ 34 ].…”

“…Cascaes et al [ 3 ] and Shakri et al [ 34 ] obtained yields of 1.50% and 0.15%, respectively, for EO from the leaves of Xfru. These values indicate that the yield of the EO of Xfru in the present study is lower than that found by Cascaes et al [ 3 ] and considerably higher than that reported by Shakri et al [ 34 ]. Such differences may be associated with several factors, such as the geographical location, seasonal and circadian cycles of the plants, stage of maturation of the specimens, and soil conditions [ 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ].…”

“…According to these authors, the sesquiterpene hydrocarbons bicyclogermacrene (23.23%), germacrene D (21.16%), and €-caryophyllene (17.53%) were the main chemical components of the sample and may have been responsible for the repellent and larvicidal activities of the EO. Shakri et al [ 34 ] found that the EO of a specimen of Xfru originating in Malaysia was characterized by hydrocarbon sesquiterpenes (56.80%) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (39.30%), mainly bicyclogermacrene (22.80 ± 0.20%), germacrene D (14.20% ± 0.30%), elemol (12.80% ± 0.20%), and guaiol (12.80% ± 0.20%). The results of these authors show that the samples have a different chemotype from the specimens collected in Magalhães Barata, Pará, Brazil.…”