Composition of Total, Neutral, and Phospholipids in Mapará (Hypophthalmus sp.) from the Brazilian Amazonian Area

Abstract

Ten lots of mapará (Hypophthalmus sp.), captured from the Amazon River, Brazil, were analyzed for their lipid content and fatty acid composition. This knowledge would allow for the development of adequate processing methods and the formulation of therapeutic diets. Separation into neutral and phospholipids was accomplished by silica-gel column chromatography. Fat from the muscular tissue and from the orbital cavity of the mapará was analyzed by high-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in two different seasonal periods. There were high levels of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in the total and neutral lipid with the principal components 16:0, 18:1omega9, 18:0, 16:1omega7, 14:0, 18:3omega3, and 18:1omega7 in both seasons. In the phospholipids there was a high level of polyunsaturated fatty acids, including primarily 16:0, 18:1omega9, 18:0, 16:1omega7, 22:6omega3, 20:4omega6, 18:3omega3, and 20:5omega3. The ratio omega3/omega6 was the same in the muscular tissue and in the orbital cavity, in both seasonal periods. The muscle tissue could be used in diets that need high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, but use of the head to produce an omega3 fatty-acid-rich oil still requires greater study with respect to its economic viability.

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“…The major fatty acids identified in the S. triostegus were palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, AA, EPA, DPA and DHA acid in all seasons. Similar results for other fish species have also been reported in the literature (Maia et al, 1995;Inhamuns and Franco, 2001;Almeida et al, 2008).…”

“…In S. triostegus, the level of DHA was lowest in summer whereas DHA was very high in winter. Inhamuns and Franco (2001) has reported that in the phospholipids there is a high level of polyunsaturated fatty acids, including primarily DHA, AA, linolenic acid, and EPA. Farkas (1984) has noted that one of the main changes at the level of fatty acid composition is an increase in DHA at low temperatures.…”

Nutritional and lipid profiles of the dorsal and ventral muscles of wild pirarucu

“…(0.66-0.98) (Inhamuns et al, 2009), C. macropomum (0.41) (Almeida et al, 2008) and Hypophthalmus sp. (1.5-1.6) (Inhamuns & Franco, 2001). In those fish, all the n-3/n-6 ratios were affected by the high proportion of DHA in their muscles.…”

“…in dry season (Inhamuns et al, 2009); mapará (Hypophthalmus sp.) (Inhamuns & Franco, 2001); and spotted sorubim (Pseudoplatystoma corruscans) (Tanamati et al, 2009); as well as in wild freshwater fish from other regions (Jabeen & Chaudhry, 2011 (Jabeen & Chaudhry, 2011). All the quantified Pufa showed quite similar values in both dorsal and ventral muscles of wild A. gigas, except for linoleic acid, which was higher than the other Pufa and is considered one of the essential fatty acids for freshwater fish (NRC, 2011).…”

“…The obtained H/H values of 1.41±0.20 and 1.45±0.42 for dorsal and ventral muscles, respectively are higher than those found in other commercially important freshwater fish (Table 3), such as the flatwhiskered catfish (Pinirampus pirinampu) (1.14) (Ramos-Filho et al, 2010), Hypophthalmus sp. (0.75) (Inhamuns & Franco, 2001), pirapitinga (Piaractus brachypomus) (1.29) and sorubim Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (0.52) (Perea et al, 2008).…”