Composition, taxonomy and functional diversity of the oropharynx microbiome in individuals with schizophrenia and controls

Castro-Nallar, Eduardo; Bendall, Matthew L.; Pérez‐Losada, Marcos; Sabuncyan, Sarven; Severance, Emily G.; Dickerson, Faith; Schroeder, Jennifer R.; Yolken, Robert H.; Crandall, Keith A.

doi:10.7717/peerj.1140

Cited by 235 publications

(173 citation statements)

References 106 publications

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“…(Castro-Nallar et al, 2015) At the phylum level, schizophrenia samples exhibited higher proportions of Firmicutes across samples in comparison to controls; in the controls a higher relative proportion of Badteroidetes and Actinobacteria was observed. Regarding species diversity, controls were richer in the number of species compared to schizophrenia samples but less even in their distribution (Figure 1).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

The microbiome, immunity, and schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

Dickerson

Severance

Yolken

2017

Brain, Behavior, and Immunity

218

128

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Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are serious neuropsychiatric disorders of uncertain etiology. Recent studies indicate that immune activation may contribute to the etiopathogenesis of these disorders. Numerous studies in animal models indicate that the mucosal microbiome may influence cognition and behavior by altering the functioning of the immune system. It is thus likely that the microbiome plays a role in human psychiatric disorders. The study of immune alterations and the microbiome in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder is in its infancy. Two recent investigations of the oro-pharyngeal microbiota in schizophrenia found differences between cases and controls. Other studies have found increased gastrointestinal inflammation in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder based on measures of microbial translocation. Several studies have also found an association between the receipt of antibiotics and an increased incidence of psychiatric disorders, perhaps due to alterations in the microbiome. Studies to characterize the intestinal microbiome of individuals with these disorders are in progress. The ultimate test of the role of the microbiome and immune-mediated pathology in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder will come from clinical trials of therapeutic agents which alter gut microbiota or gastrointestinal inflammation. The successful development of such modalities would represent a novel strategy to prevent and treat serious psychiatric disorders.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

The microbiome, immunity, and schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

Dickerson

Severance

Yolken

2017

Brain, Behavior, and Immunity

218

128

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“…Higher incidence of lactic-acid bacteria in the oropharyngeal microbiome was reported, compared to controls (Castro-Nallar et al, 2015). Interestingly, a Lactobacillus specific phage was also discovered in high abundance (Yolken et al, 2015).…”

Section: The Microbiome In Neurodevelopmental and Mood Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Central Nervous System and the Gut Microbiome

Sharon

Sampson

Geschwind

et al. 2016

Cell

1,144

797

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Summary Neurodevelopment is a complex process governed by both intrinsic and extrinsic signals. While historically studied by researching the brain, inputs from the periphery impact many neurological conditions. Indeed, emerging data suggests communication between the gut and the brain in anxiety, depression, cognition and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The development of a healthy, functional brain depends on key pre- and post-natal events that integrate environmental cues, such as molecular signals from the gut. These cues largely originate from the microbiome, the consortium of symbiotic bacteria that reside within all animals. Research over the past few years reveals that the gut microbiome plays a role in basic neurogenerative processes such as the formation of the blood-brain-barrier, myelination, neurogenesis, and microglia maturation, and also modulates many aspects of animal behavior. Herein, we discuss the biological intersection of neurodevelopment and the microbiome, and explore the hypothesis that gut bacteria are integral contributors to development and function of the nervous system, and the balance between mental health and disease.

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“…However, to date little systematic analysis has taken place in this field. In a small-scale study of the oro-pharyngeal microbiota alterations were observed (Castro-Nallar et al, 2015). A shotgun metagenomic analysis of the oropharyngeal microbiome in 16 individuals with schizophrenia and 16 controls was undertaken.…”

Section: Microbiota and Schizophreniamentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbes, Immunity, and Behavior: Psychoneuroimmunology Meets the Microbiome

Dinan

Cryan

2016

Neuropsychopharmacol

201

121

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There is now a large volume of evidence to support the view that the immune system is a key communication pathway between the gut and brain, which plays an important role in stress-related psychopathologies and thus provides a potentially fruitful target for psychotropic intervention. The gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem with a diverse range of organisms and a sophisticated genomic structure. Bacteria within the gut are estimated to weigh in excess of 1 kg in the adult human and the microbes within not only produce antimicrobial peptides, short chain fatty acids, and vitamins, but also most of the common neurotransmitters found in the human brain. That the microbial content of the gut plays a key role in immune development is now beyond doubt. Early disruption of the host-microbe interplay can have lifelong consequences, not just in terms of intestinal function but in distal organs including the brain. It is clear that the immune system and nervous system are in continuous communication in order to maintain a state of homeostasis. Significant gaps in knowledge remain about the effect of the gut microbiota in coordinating the immune-nervous systems dialogue. However, studies using germ-free animals, infective models, prebiotics, probiotics, and antibiotics have increased our understanding of the interplay. Early life stress can have a lifelong impact on the microbial content of the intestine and permanently alter immune functioning. That early life stress can also impact adult psychopathology has long been appreciated in psychiatry. The challenge now is to fully decipher the molecular mechanisms that link the gut microbiota, immune, and central nervous systems in a network of communication that impacts behavior patterns and psychopathology, to eventually translate these findings to the human situation both in health and disease. Even at this juncture, there is evidence to pinpoint key sites of communication where gut microbial interventions either with drugs or diet or perhaps fecal microbiota transplantation may positively impact mental health.

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Composition, taxonomy and functional diversity of the oropharynx microbiome in individuals with schizophrenia and controls

Cited by 235 publications

References 106 publications

The microbiome, immunity, and schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

The microbiome, immunity, and schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

The Central Nervous System and the Gut Microbiome

Microbes, Immunity, and Behavior: Psychoneuroimmunology Meets the Microbiome

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