Compositional and Oxidative Analysis in the Saliva and Serum of Predialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Patients and End‐stage Renal Failure Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis

Abstract

Chronic renal failure (CRF) is often treated with peritoneal dialysis, although increased oxidative stress has been reported in such patients. The purpose of the current study was to analyze and compare oxidative stress and other compositional parameters in the saliva, serum and peritoneal dialytic fluid (PDF) of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), including predialysis CKD patients and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients treated with peritoneal dialysis. Twenty-three consenting patients participated in the current study. Saliva and serum samples collected from both groups and PDF from the dialysis patients were all examined for uric acid (UA), total antioxidant status, total protein and total albumin. The antioxidant enzyme peroxidase was examined both in saliva and serum, while the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) was examined solely in saliva. Various electrolytes were examined. Discrepancies were found between saliva and serum antioxidant status following peritoneal dialysis in ESRD patients. Oxidative stress was enhanced in the saliva but reduced in the serum. Significant changes in both oxidative-related and non-related parameters were demonstrated in saliva, serum and PDF. Salivary lactate dehydrogenase was substantially lower in the dialysis patients (by 92%, P = 0.02), as was the salivary UA concentration (by 22%, P = 0.05) and serum UA concentration (by 20%, P = 0.03). In contrast, salivary peroxidase and SOD were higher by 15% and 35%, respectively (P = 0.01), in these patients. We suggest monitoring salivary UA for assessing the baseline oral oxidative status of CRF and dialyzed patients.

The Assessment of Oxidative Stress on Patients with Chronic Renal Failure at Different Stages and on Dialysis Patients Receiving Different Hypertensive Treatment

“…Several studies have shown that while the same findings may be observed in PD patients as well, antioxidant levels are more favorable in HD group [26,27]. It has been showed that antioxidant levels of predialysis group, on the other hand, are lower than in the control group, but higher than in HD or PD group [5,27].…”

“…In a multitude of studies, it has been found that in CRF, while MDA rises [20][21][22][23], antioxidant levels fall compared to the control group [24][25][26]. Several studies have shown that while the same findings may be observed in PD patients as well, antioxidant levels are more favorable in HD group [26,27]. It has been showed that antioxidant levels of predialysis group, on the other hand, are lower than in the control group, but higher than in HD or PD group [5,27].…”

Alterations in Trace Elements and Oxidative Stress in Uremic Patients with Dementia

“…Oxidative stress, defined as a rupture between prooxidant and antioxidant system that further leads to oxidative damage, has been observed in hemodialysis [5], peritoneal dialysis [6], as well as predialysis patients with chronic renal failure [7]. Additional literatures indicated that plasma antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and catalase activities decreased dramatically in patients undergoing hemodialysis [8,9].…”

Salivary antioxidants of male athletes after aerobic exercise and garlic supplementation on: A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study

“…7,12 Saliva is a suitable body fluid for measurement of many enzymes, hormones, and other substances due to its easier availability, non-invasive nature, lower risk of blood diseases and infections, and the possibility of safely freezing and storage of samples. 13,14 On the other hand, as saliva is very similar to blood in terms of biochemical compounds, it is suggested that saliva may possess similar radicals scavenging ability as that of blood samples. 15,16 Strong correlation has been reported between plasma and salivary antioxidant changes in relation to physical activity.…”