Compositional profiles, persistency and toxicity of polychlorinated naphthalene (PCN) congeners in edible cod liver products from 1972 to 2017

Falandysz, Jerzy; Fernandes, Alwyn

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114035

Cited by 23 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…These congeners are among the most toxic PCNs. Of note, PCNs have similar chemical and physical properties to polychlorinated biphenyls, which are still affecting the health of marine mammals and other organisms even decades after their production and use were banned and also pose a threat to human health through edible foods …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of note, PCNs have similar chemical and physical properties to polychlorinated biphenyls, which are still affecting the health of marine mammals and other organisms even decades after their production and use were banned 60 and also pose a threat to human health through edible foods. 61 Human milk is a major and sometimes the only food for infants, and breastfeeding may persist at least in part until the age of 24 months. This renders human milk an important biomonitoring matrix in estimating the risks of PCNs to infants.…”

Section: Pcn Congener Profiles In Human Milkmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Burden and Risk of Polychlorinated Naphthalenes in Chinese Human Milk and a Global Comparison of Human Exposure

et al. 2021

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) are carcinogenic contaminants. Residues from historical production and ongoing unintentional releases from industrial thermal sources have led to the ubiquitous presence of PCNs in the environment. Our previous study has revealed that unintentional releases may be the main sources of PCNs in human milk from China. However, an assessment of PCN burden in human milk and exposure differences between historical residues and unintentional release exposure has not been conducted. In this study, we performed the first comparison of human exposure to PCNs and evaluated the differences between the estimated health risks from historical residues and unintentional releases. Three characteristic PCN congener patterns found in Chinese human milk specimens collected from 100 cities/counties can be considered characteristic of PCN exposures in regions with unintentional industrial releases as the main PCN sources. The health risk assessment suggested potential noncarcinogenic health effects in infants aged 0–6 months. The hazard index calculated for infants in Sweden indicates a strong impact of historical residues that nonetheless decreases over time, and a comparison of the hazard indices calculated for China and Ireland suggests that ongoing unintentional formation and release of PCNs from industrial processes should be a matter of public health concern.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pcn Congener Profiles In Human Milkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Burden and Risk of Polychlorinated Naphthalenes in Chinese Human Milk and a Global Comparison of Human Exposure

et al. 2021

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…These observations suggest that PCNs are well absorbed by humans from foodstuffs. All the monoCN to hexaCN congeners present at a low level in food can be well absorbed while, due to the larger size, heptaCNs and especially octaCN are possibly absorbed to a lesser extent (Falandysz & Fernandes, 2020;Fernandes et al, 2010Fernandes et al, , 2017. The possible effects of major dietary factors such as dietary pH, fat content and intestinal microbiome on PCNs absorption are unknown.…”

Section: Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The quantity of PCNs manufactured globally has been estimated to be in the range from 150,000 to 400,000 metric tonnes (Falandysz, 1998; Falandysz & Fernandes, 2020). The manufacture of PCNs took place mainly in the countries such as Germany, Great Britain, France, Italy, Poland, USA, Soviet Union and Japan (Klimczak et al., 2023).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risks for animal and human health related to the presence of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in feed and food

Schrenk,

Bignami,

Bodin

et al. 2024

EFS2

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EFSA was asked for a scientific opinion on the risks for animal and human health related to the presence of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in feed and food. The assessment focused on hexaCNs due to very limited data on other PCN congeners. For hexaCNs in feed, 217 analytical results were used to estimate dietary exposures for food-producing and non-food-producing animals; however, a risk characterisation could not be performed because none of the toxicological studies allowed identification of reference points. The oral repeated dose toxicity studies performed in rats with a hexaCN mixture containing all 10 hexaCNs indicated that the critical target was the haematological system. A BMDL 20 of 0.05 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day was identified for a considerable decrease in the platelet count. For hexaCNs in food, 2317 analytical results were used to estimate dietary exposures across dietary surveys and age groups. The highest exposure ranged from 0.91 to 29.8 pg/kg bw per day in general population and from 220 to 559 pg/kg bw per day for breast-fed infants with the highest consumption of breast milk. Applying a margin of exposure (MOE) approach, the estimated MOEs for the high dietary exposures ranged from 1,700,000 to 55,000,000 for the general population and from 90,000 to 230,000 for breast-fed infants with the highest consumption of breast milk. These MOEs are far above the minimum MOE of 2000 that does not raise a health concern. Taking account of the uncertainties affecting the assessment, the Panel concluded with at least 99% certainty that dietary exposure to hexaCNs does not raise a health concern for any of the population groups considered. Due to major limitations in the available data, no assessment was possible for genotoxic effects or for health risks of PCNs other than hexaCNs.

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“…It has been estimated that one of the most toxic among all 75 known PCNs are hexachloronaphthalenes, mainly congeners 1,2,3,4,6,7-hexachloronaphthalene (PCN66), 1,2,3,5,6,7-hexachloronaphthalene (PCN67), and 1,2,3,6,7,8-hexachloronaphthalene (PCN70) [ 47 , 48 ]. Besides, pentachloronaphthalenes, PCN66/67, are considered to be characteristic for combustion processes [ 12 , 49 , 50 ] and are most frequently detected in food [ 4 , 51 ]. Hexachloronaphthalenes are also characterized by their highest bioaccumulation (especially in the liver, adipose tissue, and milk during lactation) as revealed in both humans and experimental animals [ 25 , 52 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hexachloronaphthalene Induces Mitochondrial-Dependent Neurotoxicity via a Mechanism of Enhanced Production of Reactive Oxygen Species

Lisek

Stragierowicz

Guo

et al. 2020

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

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Hexachloronaphthalene (PCN67) is one of the most toxic among polychlorinated naphthalenes. Despite the known high bioaccumulation and persistence of PCN67 in the environment, it is still unclear to what extent exposure to these substances may interfere with normal neuronal physiology and lead to neurotoxicity. Therefore, the primary goal of this study was to assess the effect of PCN67 in neuronal in vitro models. Neuronal death was assessed upon PCN67 treatment using differentiated PC12 cells and primary hippocampal neurons. At 72 h postexposure, cell viability assays showed an IC50 value of 0.35 μg/ml and dose-dependent damage of neurites and concomitant downregulation of neurofilaments L and M. Moreover, we found that younger primary neurons (DIV4) were much more sensitive to PCN67 toxicity than mature cultures (DIV14). Our comprehensive analysis indicated that the application of PCN67 at the IC50 concentration caused necrosis, which was reflected by an increase in LDH release, HMGB1 protein export to the cytosol, nuclear swelling, and loss of homeostatic control of energy balance. The blockage of mitochondrial calcium uniporter partially rescued the cell viability, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and the overproduction of reactive oxygen species, suggesting that the underlying mechanism of neurotoxicity involved mitochondrial calcium accumulation. Increased lipid peroxidation as a consequence of oxidative stress was additionally seen for 0.1 μg/ml of PCN67, while this concentration did not affect ΔΨm and plasma membrane permeability. Our results show for the first time that neuronal mitochondria act as a target for PCN67 and indicate that exposure to this drug may result in neuron loss via mitochondrial-dependent mechanisms.

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Compositional profiles, persistency and toxicity of polychlorinated naphthalene (PCN) congeners in edible cod liver products from 1972 to 2017

Cited by 23 publications

References 73 publications

Burden and Risk of Polychlorinated Naphthalenes in Chinese Human Milk and a Global Comparison of Human Exposure

Burden and Risk of Polychlorinated Naphthalenes in Chinese Human Milk and a Global Comparison of Human Exposure

Risks for animal and human health related to the presence of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in feed and food

Hexachloronaphthalene Induces Mitochondrial-Dependent Neurotoxicity via a Mechanism of Enhanced Production of Reactive Oxygen Species

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