Compost characteristics and quality

Stehouwer, Richard C.; Cooperband, Leslie R.; Rynk, Robert; Biala, Johannes; Bonhotal, Jean; Antler, Susan; Lewandowski, Tera; Nichols, Hilary

doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85602-7.00012-1

Cited by 15 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Although, from a production perspective, the moisture level of finished composts should be between 35% and 45%. If the moisture level falls below 35%, a lot of dust will be created when these composts are transported or spread to fields [ 49 ]. In Table 1 , moisture content of BSFL frass from kitchen waste ranges from 50 to 63%, municipal food waste ranges from 63 to 65%, household food waste at 56%, and mixture of food waste, chicken faeces, and sawdust (3:2:1 ratio) at 72%, fruit and vegetables at 10%, maize straw at 38% and brewery spent grain at 30%.…”

Section: Physiochemical Characteristics Of Bsfl Frassmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Applications of Frass Derived from Black Soldier Fly Larvae Treatment of Food Waste: A Review

Basri

Azman

Ahmad

et al. 2022

Foods

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The disposal of large amounts of food waste has caused serious environmental pollution and financial losses globally. Compared to alternative disposal methods (landfills, incineration, and anaerobic digestion), composting by black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) is a promising alternative for food waste management. Despite extensive research into larval biomass, another valuable by-product generated from BSFL composting is BSFL frass. However, limited information is available for its potential application. The applications of BSFL frass can be intensified by understanding its physicochemical characteristics, benefits, and challenges of BSFL frass derived from food waste. BSFL frass is harvested after 9–23 days of the experiment, depending on the substrate used in the composting process. The generated BSFL frass could exceed 33% of the original weight of the substrate. The physicochemical characteristics of BSFL frass are as follows: the temperature after harvest is 24 °C to 27 °C, pH is 5.6–8.0, moisture content is 30 to 72%, C/N ratio is 8:1 to 27:1, high nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) content, and low heavy metal content. This paper reviews the characteristics, benefits, and application of BSFL frass. It will also investigate the challenges of using food waste substrates to produce BSFL frass, as well as the best way to pre-treat the food waste substrate and post-treat the BSFL frass.

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Section: Physiochemical Characteristics Of Bsfl Frassmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Applications of Frass Derived from Black Soldier Fly Larvae Treatment of Food Waste: A Review

Basri

Azman

Ahmad

et al. 2022

Foods

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“…In Australia the "Australian Standard for Composts, Soil Conditioners and Mulches" (AS4454-2012) state the minimum requirements of compost's physical, chemical, and biological properties to facilitate the beneficial recycling and use of compostable materials with minimal adverse effects on environmental and human health. This standard covers different aspects, including maturity, stability, acceptable content of contaminants, nutrient content, and microbial safety, as well as guidelines for labelling, and documentation to ensure that they meet established quality standards and are suitable for their intended purpose [50][51][52].…”

Section: Compost Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges and Remediation Strategies for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Contamination in Composting

Khair Biek,

Khudur,

Ball

2024

Sustainability

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Municipal solid waste (MSW) is projected to rise to 3.4 billion tonnes by 2050, with only 33% undergoing environmentally friendly management practices. Achieving a circular economy involves sustainable approaches, among which diverting waste from landfills to composting plays a crucial role. However, many of the products society uses and discards in MSW daily contain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), raising concerns that composts may inadvertently introduce PFAS into the environment, posing a significant challenge to waste management and environmental sustainability. PFAS have been detected in compost at concentrations ranging between 1.26–11.84 µg/kg. Composts are therefore a source of PFAS contamination, posing risks to human and ecosystem health. Impactful technologies are therefore required for PFAS remediation during the composting process. This review examines the composting process as a sustainable organic waste management technology, examining the various systems employed, compost quality, and uses, particularly emphasising the challenge posed by PFAS contamination. The review provides novel insights into possible PFAS remediation technologies. A comprehensive understanding of PFAS origin, fate, and transformation during the composting process is lacking, creating substantial knowledge gaps regarding the inputs processes contributing most to PFAS accumulation in the final product. Addressing these gaps in future studies is crucial for minimising PFAS discharge into the environment and developing an effective remediation approach. This review highlights the urgent need for innovative solutions to mitigate PFAS contamination in compost and the importance of advancing research and technology to achieve sustainable waste management objectives.

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“…The solubility of organic substances in water depends on the degree of conversion of the organic matter and the stability of the materials (Loow et al, 2017;Ravindran et al, 2022;Yu et al, 2019). Carbon is the backbone of the molecules that create organic matter (Stehouwer et al, 2021). Carbon is necessary for the structure of the cell of microorganisms and for the synthesis of various organic molecules.…”

Section: Carbonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial intelligence and machine learning approaches in composting process: A review

Temel

Yolcu

Turan

2023

Bioresource Technology

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Compost characteristics and quality

Cited by 15 publications

References 7 publications

Potential Applications of Frass Derived from Black Soldier Fly Larvae Treatment of Food Waste: A Review

Potential Applications of Frass Derived from Black Soldier Fly Larvae Treatment of Food Waste: A Review

Challenges and Remediation Strategies for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Contamination in Composting

Artificial intelligence and machine learning approaches in composting process: A review

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