Composting of explosives and propellant contaminated soils under thermophilic and mesophilic conditions

Williams, R. T.; Ziegenfuss, P S; Sisk, Wayne E.

doi:10.1007/bf01569746

Cited by 109 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…This could be due to the complexity of molecules. HMX and RDX degradation can be achieved, but it will take a longer period of time as indicated by many other studies [141,334]. The addition of radiolabeled TNT to the reactor biomass provided evidence for the mineralization of TNT.…”

Section: Phytoremediation Methodsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Soils contaminated with explosives: Environmental fate and evaluation of state-of-the-art remediation processes (IUPAC Technical Report)

Kalderis

Juhasz

Boopathy

et al. 2011

Pure and Applied Chemistry

157

143

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An explosion occurs when a large amount of energy is suddenly released. This energy may come from an over-pressurized steam boiler, from the products of a chemical reaction involving explosive materials, or from a nuclear reaction that is uncontrolled. In order for an explosion to occur, there must be a local accumulation of energy at the site of the explosion, which is suddenly released. This release of energy can be dissipated as blast waves, propulsion of debris, or by the emission of thermal and ionizing radiation.Modern explosives or energetic materials are nitrogen-containing organic compounds with the potential for self-oxidation to small gaseous molecules (N 2 , H 2 O, and CO 2 ). Explosives are classified as primary or secondary based on their susceptibility of initiation. Primary explosives are highly susceptible to initiation and are often used to ignite secondary explosives, such as TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene), RDX (1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine), HMX (1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane), and tetryl (N-methyl-N-2,4,6-tetranitroaniline).

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Section: Phytoremediation Methodsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Soils contaminated with explosives: Environmental fate and evaluation of state-of-the-art remediation processes (IUPAC Technical Report)

Kalderis

Juhasz

Boopathy

et al. 2011

Pure and Applied Chemistry

157

143

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“…There are various bioremediation methods described in the literature for the clean up of explosive contaminated soil. Williams et al (1992) demonstrated the bioremediation of TNT-contaminated soil by composting. Clark & Boopathy (2007) showed the use of soil slurry reactor and land farming methods for explosive contamination clean up in soil under anoxic condition.…”

Section: Metabolic Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodegradation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) under sulfate and nitrate reducing conditions

Boopathy

2014

Biologia

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Anaerobic degradation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) was studied under sulfate-and nitrate-reducing conditions using enrichment cultures developed from a TNT-contaminated soil from the Louisiana Army Ammunition Plant (LAAP) in Minden, Louisiana, USA. The soil samples were enriched using mineral salt media with either nitrate or sulfate as electron acceptors in the presence of TNT under strict anaerobic conditions. The enriched samples were experimented with TNT as either the sole source of carbon or nitrogen and also under co-metabolic conditions with molasses as co-substrate. The results revealed that TNT was removed under both electron acceptor conditions. However, the TNT degradation efficiency was significantly higher under sulfate-reducing conditions than the nitrate-reducing conditions. Under sulfatereducing conditions, TNT removal was faster when molasses was used as co-substrate. The metabolic analysis showed that TNT was mineralized and the major end product was acetic acid, CO2, and ammonia. A soil slurry reactor with TNT-contaminated soil showed more than 90% of TNT removal within 60 days of incubation.

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“…Research thus far indicates that TNT can be removed from contaminated soils (35,42,61,62,124,167,253). In composting, the soil must be mixed with a bulk agent and additional organic substrates which are usually by-products of agricultural processes (straw, alfalfa, wood chips, sugarbeet stems, and leaves).…”

Section: Applications In Tnt Bioremediationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Degradation of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene

Esteve‐Núñez

Caballero

Ramos

2001

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

421

287

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Nitroaromatic compounds are xenobiotics that have found multiple applications in the synthesis of foams, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and explosives. These compounds are toxic and recalcitrant and are degraded relatively slowly in the environment by microorganisms. 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is the most widely used nitroaromatic compound. Certain strains of Pseudomonas and fungi can use TNT as a nitrogen source through the removal of nitrogen as nitrite from TNT under aerobic conditions and the further reduction of the released nitrite to ammonium, which is incorporated into carbon skeletons. Phanerochaete chrysosporium and other fungi mineralize TNT under ligninolytic conditions by converting it into reduced TNT intermediates, which are excreted to the external milieu, where they are substrates for ligninolytic enzymes. Most if not all aerobic microorganisms reduce TNT to the corresponding amino derivatives via the formation of nitroso and hydroxylamine intermediates. Condensation of the latter compounds yields highly recalcitrant azoxytetranitrotoluenes. Anaerobic microorganisms can also degrade TNT through different pathways. One pathway, found in Desulfovibrio and Clostridium, involves reduction of TNT to triaminotoluene; subsequent steps are still not known. Some Clostridium species may reduce TNT to hydroxylaminodinitrotoluenes, which are then further metabolized. Another pathway has been described in Pseudomonas sp. strain JLR11 and involves nitrite release and further reduction to ammonium, with almost 85% of the N-TNT incorporated as organic N in the cells. It was recently reported that in this strain TNT can serve as a final electron acceptor in respiratory chains and that the reduction of TNT is coupled to ATP synthesis. In this review we also discuss a number of biotechnological applications of bacteria and fungi, including slurry reactors, composting, and land farming, to remove TNT from polluted soils. These treatments have been designed to achieve mineralization or reduction of TNT and immobilization of its amino derivatives on humic material. These approaches are highly efficient in removing TNT, and increasing amounts of research into the potential usefulness of phytoremediation, rhizophytoremediation, and transgenic plants with bacterial genes for TNT removal are being done

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Composting of explosives and propellant contaminated soils under thermophilic and mesophilic conditions

Cited by 109 publications

References 3 publications

Soils contaminated with explosives: Environmental fate and evaluation of state-of-the-art remediation processes (IUPAC Technical Report)

Soils contaminated with explosives: Environmental fate and evaluation of state-of-the-art remediation processes (IUPAC Technical Report)

Biodegradation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) under sulfate and nitrate reducing conditions

Biological Degradation of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene

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