Compound 84/F 1983 compared with D-amphetamine and placebo in regard to effects on human performance

Studies on the metabolism and toxicological detection of the new designer drug 4′-methyl-α-pyrrolidinobutyrophenone (MPBP) in rat urine using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

“…The LD 50 of pyrovalerone in mice was reported to be 350 mg/kg bodyweight (BW) per os. Comparable psychostimulatory effects [10,11] and smaller effects on motor function [11] of pyrovalerone in comparison to amphetamine were also found in controlled studies with humans. Pyrovalerone had been studied as a therapeutic drug [12][13][14], but was withdrawn from the market and scheduled as a controlled substance after reports of its intravenous abuse by polytoxicomaniacs [15].…”

Powerful Cocaine-Like Actions of 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), a Principal Constituent of Psychoactive ‘Bath Salts’ Products

“…Despite the widespread use of MDPV, no information is available regarding its molecular mechanism of action. Older literature demonstrates that pyrovalerone, a compound with structural similarity to MDPV, displays amphetamine-like stimulant properties in rodents (Fauquet et al, 1976;Vaugeois et al, 1993) and humans (Goldberg et al, 1973;Holliday et al, 1964). Bonnet and colleagues (Heron et al, 1994;Tidjane Corera et al, 2001) showed that pyrovalerone is a dopamine uptake blocker that interacts with transporter proteins in a manner similar to cocaine.…”

Acute poisoning involving the pyrrolidinophenone-type designer drug 4′-methyl-alpha-pyrrolidinohexanophenone (MPHP)

“…Pyrovalerone causes release [10,11] and reuptake inhibition [12] of dopamine and norepinephrine leading to psychostimulant effects similar to those of amphetamine but with lesser influence on motor function [13][14][15]. Pyrovalerone had been evaluated as a therapeutic drug in the 1960s and 1970s [16][17][18] but was scheduled as a controlled substance after reports of intravenous abuse [19].…”