A series of catecholato phosphonium
ions, including the first stable
bis(catecholato)-substituted derivatives, are isolated and fully characterized.
The cations rank among the most potent literature-known Lewis acids
on the Gutmann–Beckett and ion affinity scales. In contrast
to halogenated or multiply charged phosphorus cations, Lewis superacidity
is imparted by structural constraints, as disclosed by energy decomposition
analysis. The modular access provides a tunable scaffold while maintaining
extreme affinity, demonstrated by the synthesis of a chiral Lewis
superacid. The combination of electrophilic phosphorus and basic oxygen
substituents leverages new reactivity modes by phosphorus–ligand
cooperativity. With this, a phosphorus-mediated C–H bond activation
is accomplished.