Comprehension of Top 200 Prescribed Drugs in the US as a Resource for Pharmacy Teaching, Training and Practice

Fuentes, Andrea V; Pineda, Moises D; Venkata, Kalyan C. Nagulapalli

doi:10.3390/pharmacy6020043

Cited by 273 publications

(177 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Alprazolam (Xanax) is not approved for any indication and, therefore, is not available via the NHS and can only be obtained via private prescription. Whereas, in the USA, alprazolam is the most commonly prescribed benzodiazepine, in the UK, diazepam is most widely prescribed with over 5 million NHS prescriptions per year …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonmedical use of alprazolam in the UK: Results from a nationally representative survey

Hockenhull

Amioka

Black

et al. 2019

Brit J Clinical Pharma

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There is concern in the UK about nonmedical use (NMU) of alprazolam (Xanax). We investigated the epidemiology of alprazolam NMU compared with diazepam using data from the Survey of Non-Medical Use of Prescription Drugs (NMURx) programme (collected 28 September-1 December 2017). The survey included 10 019 respondents and was weighted by age, sex and region to represent 52 927 659 UK adults. The estimated national prevalence of lifetime NMU of alprazolam was 0.32% (95% confidence interval: 0.19-0.46), and 1.30% (1.06-1.54) for diazepam.The prevalence of NMU in the last 90 days was significantly different when split by age category for alprazolam (P < .001), but not for diazepam (P = .262) with alprazolam NMU being more common among younger adults (age 16-24 years: 0.37%; age 25-34 years: 0.14%; 35 years or older: 0.01%). Further research is needed to fully understand the motivations of alprazolam NMU and to monitor whether the popularity of alprazolam will rise.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonmedical use of alprazolam in the UK: Results from a nationally representative survey

Hockenhull

Amioka

Black

et al. 2019

Brit J Clinical Pharma

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“…Atorvastatin is an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor used to treat hypercholesterolaemia, and is the third most prescribed drug in the USA (Fuentes et al, 2018). Atorvastatin is taken up into hepatocytes with; 96%-98% of the uptake as carrier mediated in rat hepatocytes, high intracellular binding (fraction unbound ¼ 0.011-0.015; Kulkarni et al, 2016;Paine et al, 2008;Yabe et al, 2011), and metabolism through rCyp3a into ortho or para substituted hydroxylated metabolites (Lau et al, 2006;Watanabe et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A mechanistic modelling approach for the determination of the mechanisms of inhibition by cyclosporine on the uptake and metabolism of atorvastatin in rat hepatocytes using a high throughput uptake method

et al. 2019

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1. Determine the inhibition mechanism through which cyclosporine inhibits the uptake and metabolism of atorvastatin in fresh rat hepatocytes using mechanistic models applied to data generated using a high throughput oil spin method. 2. Atorvastatin was incubated in fresh rat hepatocytes (0.05-150 nmol/ml) with or without 20 min pre-incubation with 10 nmol/ml cyclosporine and sampled over 0.25-60 min using a high throughput oil spin method. Micro-rate constant and macro-rate constant mechanistic models were ranked based on goodness of fit values. 3. The best fitting model to the data was a micro-rate constant mechanistic model including non-competitive inhibition of uptake and competitive inhibition of metabolism by cyclosporine (Model 2). The association rate constant for atorvastatin was 150-fold greater than the dissociation rate constant and 10-fold greater than the translocation into the cell. The association and dissociation rate constants for cyclosporine were 7-fold smaller and 10-fold greater, respectively, than atorvastatin. The simulated atorvastatin-transporter-cyclosporine complex derived using the micro-rate constant parameter estimates increased in line with the incubation concentration of atorvastatin. 4. The increased amount of data generated with the high throughput oil spin method, combined with a micro-rate constant mechanistic model helps to explain the inhibition of uptake by cyclosporine following pre-incubation.

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“…CEX has a great Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive, antimicrobial properties. It is produced in gelatin capsules and in the form of suspension and it is included into the “Top 200 Drugs” mostly prescribed in the USA according to National Data Corporation Health . This compound is a zwitterion, with pK a values 2.3 and 7.1, and the isoelectric point in water approximately between 4.50 and 5.00 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro and In Vivo Biocompatibility of Novel Zwitterionic Poly(Beta Amino)Ester Hydrogels Based on Diacrylate and Glycine for Site‐Specific Controlled Drug Release

Filipović

Babić

Gođevac

et al. 2019

Macro Chemistry & Physics

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New (β‐aminoester) hydrogels (PBAE) based on di(ethylene glycol)diacrylate and glycine are successfully synthesized and characterized for the first time in this work. PBAE macromers are obtained using Michael addition. By changing the diacrylate/amine stoichiometric ratio, but maintaining it >1, samples with different chemical structure containing acrylate end‐groups are obtained. The hydrogels are synthesized from macromers utilizing free radical polymerization. Chemical structure of macromers and hydrogels is confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance, and Fourier transform infra‐red spectroscopy. Swelling and degradation rates in physiological pH range change notably with pH and monomer molar ratio, validating pH sensitivity and zwitterionic behavior, which can be finely tuned by changing any of these parameters. In vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo acute embryotoxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) performed to assess the biocompatibility of the novel hydrogel materials and their degradation products reveal that materials are nontoxic and biocompatible. The Cephalexin in vitro drug release study, at pH values 2.20, 5.50, and 7.40, demonstrates pH‐sensitive delivery with the release profiles effectively controlled by pH and the hydrogel composition. PBAE hydrogels exhibit great potential for a variety of biomedical applications, including tissue regeneration and intelligent drug delivery systems.

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Comprehension of Top 200 Prescribed Drugs in the US as a Resource for Pharmacy Teaching, Training and Practice

Cited by 273 publications

References 5 publications

Nonmedical use of alprazolam in the UK: Results from a nationally representative survey

Nonmedical use of alprazolam in the UK: Results from a nationally representative survey

A mechanistic modelling approach for the determination of the mechanisms of inhibition by cyclosporine on the uptake and metabolism of atorvastatin in rat hepatocytes using a high throughput uptake method

In Vitro and In Vivo Biocompatibility of Novel Zwitterionic Poly(Beta Amino)Ester Hydrogels Based on Diacrylate and Glycine for Site‐Specific Controlled Drug Release

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