Comprehensive analysis of drugs to treat SARS‑CoV‑2 infection: Mechanistic insights into current COVID‑19 therapies (Review)

Niţulescu, George Mihai; Păunescu, Horia; Moschos, Sterghios; Petrakis, Dimitrios; Nițulescu, Georgiana; Ion, George; Spandidos, Demetrios A.; Νikolouzakis, Τaxiarchis Κonstantinos; Drakoulis, Nikolaos; Tsatsakis, Aristidis

doi:10.3892/ijmm.2020.4608

Cited by 131 publications

(153 citation statements)

References 211 publications

(226 reference statements)

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“…Overall, the major clinical manifestations: sore throat, cough, breathing difficulties, malaise, fever, chills, diarrhea, generalized myalgia, drowsiness, dyspnea, and pneumonia are similar in SARS-coV2, MERS-coV, and SARS coV infections (29), but COVID-19 differentiates itself from MERS and SARS in infectivity (R0), with much higher human-to-human transmission rates owing much to the fact that infectivity is not restricted to symptomatic patients (30); however, we can improve therapeutic strategies with inferences from structural comparisons of these viruses.…”

Section: Clinical Aspects Of Covid-19 Infections; Acute Respiratory Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

A dissection of SARS‑CoV2 with clinical implications (Review)

Stancioiu¹,

Papadakis

Kteniadakis

et al. 2020

Int J Mol Med

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We are being confronted with the most consequential pandemic since the Spanish flu of 1918-1920 to the extent that never before have 4 billion people quarantined simultaneously; to address this global challenge we bring to the forefront the options for medical treatment and summarize SARS-coV2 structure and functions, immune responses and known treatments. Based on literature and our own experience we propose new interventions, including the use of amiodarone, simvastatin, pioglitazone and curcumin. In mild infections (sore throat, cough) we advocate prompt local treatment for the naso-pharynx (inhalations; aerosols; nebulizers); for moderate to severe infections we propose a tried-and-true treatment: the combination of arginine and ascorbate, administered orally or intravenously. The material is organized in three sections: i) Clinical aspects of COVID-19; acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARdS); known treatments; ii) Structure and functions of SARS-coV2 and proposed antiviral drugs; iii) The combination of arginine-ascorbate. Contents 1. Clinical aspects of COVID-19 infections; acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARdS); known and potential treatments 2. SARS-coV2 molecules and proposed antiviral drugs 3. The combination of arginine-ascorbate

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Section: Clinical Aspects Of Covid-19 Infections; Acute Respiratory Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

A dissection of SARS‑CoV2 with clinical implications (Review)

Stancioiu¹,

Papadakis

Kteniadakis

et al. 2020

Int J Mol Med

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“…Consequently, the inhibition of cytokine storm is a main factor in the treatment of patients who are infected with SARS-CoV-2. Currently, available therapies for COVID-19 include non-specific antiviral drugs, antibiotics used for the treatment of secondary bacterial infections, sepsis, and reduction of inflammation [12]. A large number of anti-inflammatory medications have been developed, including NSAIDs, glucocorticoids, chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, antagonists of inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-6R monoclonal antibodies, TNF inhibitors, IL-1 antagonists), and Janus kinase JAK inhibitors [13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of mesenchymal stromal cells in immune modulation of COVID-19: focus on cytokine storm

2020

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The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is quickly spreading all over the world. This virus, which is called SARS-CoV-2, has infected tens of thousands of people. Based on symptoms, the pathogenesis of acute respiratory illness is responsible for highly homogenous coronaviruses as well as other pathogens. Evidence suggests that high inflammation rates, oxidation, and overwhelming immune response probably contribute to pathology of COVID-19. COVID-19 causes cytokine storm, which subsequently leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), often ending up in the death of patients. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotential stem cells that are recognized via self-renewal capacity, generation of clonal populations, and multilineage differentiation. MSCs are present in nearly all tissues of the body, playing an essential role in repair and generation of tissues. Furthermore, MSCs have broad immunoregulatory properties through the interaction of immune cells in both innate and adaptive immune systems, leading to immunosuppression of many effector activities. MSCs can reduce the cytokine storm produced by coronavirus infection. In a number of studies, the administration of these cells has been beneficial for COVID-19 patients. Also, MSCs may be able to improve pulmonary fibrosis and lung function. In this review, we will review the newest research findings regarding MSC-based immunomodulation in patients with COVID-19.

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“…While the number of daily deaths attributable to cOVId-19 appears to have decreased substantially by June 2020, the increasing numbers of 'cases' (positive test results for viral exposure) have raised some concerns regarding the ability of governments and decision-making authorities to reduce viral transmission and subsequent consequences (2)(3)(4). currently, at 10 months following the outbreak, no specific treatment for severe forms of cOVId-19 has achieved consensus within the medical community, although several potential therapies appear to have produced more or less encouraging results (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

[Comment] COVID‑19 vaccine safety

Kostoff

Briggs²,

Porter

et al. 2020

Int J Mol Med

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In response to the SARS-coV-2 outbreak, and the resulting cOVId-19 pandemic, a global competition to develop an anti-cOVId-19 vaccine has ensued. The targeted time frame for initial vaccine deployment is late 2020. The present article examines whether short-term, mid-term, and long-term vaccine safety can be achieved under such an accelerated schedule, given the myriad vaccine-induced mechanisms that have demonstrated adverse effects based on previous clinical trials and laboratory research. It presents scientific evidence of potential pitfalls associated with eliminating critical phase II and III clinical trials, and concludes that there is no substitute currently available for long-term human clinical trials to ensure long-term human safety. Vaccine safety testing There are three ways of testing for vaccine safety, in order of increasing credibility: computer simulations, animal experiments and human trials. Computer simulations. While the growth of statistical software packages and chemical descriptors allows the development of new models, safeguards that account for deficiencies of

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Comprehensive analysis of drugs to treat SARS‑CoV‑2 infection: Mechanistic insights into current COVID‑19 therapies (Review)

Cited by 131 publications

References 211 publications

A dissection of SARS‑CoV2 with clinical implications (Review)

A dissection of SARS‑CoV2 with clinical implications (Review)

The role of mesenchymal stromal cells in immune modulation of COVID-19: focus on cytokine storm

[Comment] COVID‑19 vaccine safety

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