Comprehensive analysis of multiple mycotoxins and Aspergillus flavus metabolites in maize from Kenyan households

Dietary mycotoxin exposure and human health risks: A protocol for a systematic review

“…First , a series of critical research questions were constructed as building blocks for framing the PECO questions and data extraction template, addressing the knowledge gaps and research/regulatory needs of dietary mycotoxin-related health impacts ( Table 1 ). Second , to guide the selection of exposure variables of the scoping review, a list of 69 major food- and beverage-related mycotoxins was constructed based upon literature ( Chrevatidis, 2003 , EFSA, 2017 , EFSA, 2014 , EFSA, 2012a , Frisvad et al, 2018 , Han et al, 2014 , Ismaiel and Papenbrock, 2015 , Kagot et al, 2022 , Knutsen et al, 2018 , Krska and Crews, 2008 , Mahato et al, 2021b , Martins et al, 2017 , Mizutani et al, 2009 , Nicholson, 2004 , Ostry et al, 2013 , Otero et al, 2020 , Patriarca, 2016 , Pierron et al, 2016a , Ropejko and Twarużek, 2021 , Schamann et al, 2022 , Schrenk et al, 2020 , Sliwi, M.P., 2021 , Streit et al, 2013 , Zorzete et al, 2013 ) and expert consultation processes (TG, TMM, FV, YB, SDS and MDB), the latter resulting in the inclusion of secondary mycotoxin metabolites, i.e. the plant-produced 3- and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, as well as the microbiota-produced deepoxy-deoxynivalenol ( Table 2 ).…”

“… Ditryptophenaline: peanuts ( Martins et al, 2017 ). Flavacol: maize ( Frisvad et al, 2018 , Kagot et al, 2022 ). Hydroxyneoaspergillic acid, leporin C, methylcitreo-isocoumarin, paspalinine, speradine A & versiconol: maize ( Kagot et al, 2022 ).…”

Insecticides influence colonization and toxin accumulation by Aspergillus and Fusarium in orange and white maize flour varying in susceptibility to mycotoxigenic fungal pathogens

“…The study utilized six synthetic insecticides commonly used in stored maize targeting insect pests that are endemic in western Kenya such as the Maize Weevil Sitophilus zeamais (Curculionidae), the Larger Grain Borer Prostephanus truncates (Bostrichidae) and the Angoumois Grain Moth Sitotroga cerealella (Gelechiidae) (De Groot et al 2017; Kagot et al 2022). The dust formulated insecticides that were selected based on their active ingredients included, Actellic ® Super Dust, Actellic ® Gold Dust, Super Blue Cross Dust, Super Grain Dust, Skana ® Super and Sumicombi ® (Table 2).…”

Efficacy Assessment of Inhibitory Fungal Concoctions Against Mycotoxin Fungi Affecting Maize Grain Quality in Western Kenya

“…Mycotoxins exacerbate maize yield losses in Kenya through food contamination (Nji et al, 2022). The most profiled mycotoxins in Kenyan maize include aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisin, patulin, penicillic acid and zearalenone (Kagot et al, 2022;Wafula et al, 2022). Acute and chronic mycotoxicosis exposures result to slow and quick onset of symptoms leading to hospitalization or death (Kagot et al, 2022).…”

“…The most profiled mycotoxins in Kenyan maize include aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisin, patulin, penicillic acid and zearalenone (Kagot et al, 2022;Wafula et al, 2022). Acute and chronic mycotoxicosis exposures result to slow and quick onset of symptoms leading to hospitalization or death (Kagot et al, 2022). Mycotoxicosis incidences have been reported in Kenya since 1981; for example, in 2004, aflatoxin poisoning resulted in over 100 human deaths (Brownet al, 2013;Mahuku, et al, 2018).The risk remains pertinent as 75% of Kenyan maize is produced by resource-poor farmers under conditions that could predispose the crop to mycotoxin contamination (Kang'ethe, et al, 2017).…”