Background/Aim: The purpose of this study was to examine the expression of estrogen receptor α (ERα) and β (ERβ), androgen receptor (AR), SIRT1, SIRT2 and SIRT3 in prostate cancer (PCa). Materials and Methods: From October 2010 to January 2015, 70 patients who had undergone radical prostatectomy following a PCa diagnosis were enrolled in our study. Normal prostate tissue (NPT) and prostate cancer tissues (PCAT) were separated, and the expression of each receptor in each tissue was analyzed with immunochemical staining. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify factors affecting the development of PCa. Results: ERβ and AR were highly expressed in PCAT compared with NPT (p<0.05). SIRT2 was highly expressed in NPT and PCAT (p<0.05). Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that AR and SIRT2 affect PCa development. Conclusion: AR is a risk factor for PC, and SIRT2 is associated with a lower incidence of PCa.Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most prevalent male malignancy in many regions of the world. Remarkable racial and ethnic differences in its incidence have been reported, ranging from 4.4 per 100,000 to 118.2 per 100,000 persons in India and the USA, respectively (1). According to data from the Korea National Statistical Office, in 2012, the prevalence of PCa in Korea over the previous 5 years was reported to be about 37.3 per 100,000 people, and in 2016, increased to about 46.2 per 100,000 individuals (2). Also, according to the The Global Cancer Observatory (GLOBOCAN) results, PCa was the second most frequently diagnosed cancer and the fifth leading cause of cancer mortality among men worldwide in 2012 (1). Therefore, various studies are being conducted to reveal the causes of PCa, and to identify diagnostic and prognostic factors for PCa.Furthermore, there have been few studies on the sirtuin family (SIRT 1-7) to date. Many studies on androgen receptors, which are known to be associated with the onset and progression of PCa, have been published, however, there have not been many studies regarding the role of estrogen receptor α (ERα) and estrogen receptor β (ERβ) in PCa development.Sirtuin is a highly conserved protein family consisting of seven members in mammals (SIRT 1-7) that function in cellular metabolism, chromatin stability, and DNA repair (3). The majority of sirtuins act as NAD+ dependent histone deacetylases, but some of them, can also act as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide+ (NAD+) dependent Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) ribosyl transferases (4). DNA methylation and histone tail modification are two key epigenetic processes that play vital roles in PCa progression (5).It has been previously reported that SIRT1, a member of the class III histone deacetylases (HDACs), negatively regulates H2A.Z levels in cardiomyocytes through targeting this histone variant to degradation via the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway. In addition, it has been reported that SIRT1 is overexpressed in some cancers, but down-regulated in others. This supports its role as an oncogene or a tumor suppressor gene...