Comprehensive characterization of evolutionary conserved breakpoints in four New World Monkey karyotypes compared to Chlorocebus aethiops and Homo sapiens

Abstract

Comparative cytogenetic analysis in New World Monkeys (NWMs) using human multicolor banding (MCB) probe sets were not previously done. Here we report on an MCB based FISH-banding study complemented with selected locus-specific and heterochromatin specific probes in four NWMs and one Old World Monkey (OWM) species, i.e. in Alouatta caraya (ACA), Callithrix jacchus (CJA), Cebus apella (CAP), Saimiri sciureus (SSC), and Chlorocebus aethiops (CAE), respectively. 107 individual evolutionary conserved breakpoints (ECBs) among those species were identified and compared with those of other species in previous reports. Especially for chromosomal regions being syntenic to human chromosomes 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 16 previously cryptic rearrangements could be observed. 50.4% (54/107) NWM-ECBs were colocalized with those of OWMs, 62.6% (62/99) NWM-ECBs were related with those of Hylobates lar (HLA) and 66.3% (71/107) NWM-ECBs corresponded with those known from other mammalians. Furthermore, human fragile sites were aligned with the ECBs found in the five studied species and interestingly 66.3% ECBs colocalized with those fragile sites (FS). Overall, this study presents detailed chromosomal maps of one OWM and four NWM species. This data will be helpful to further investigation on chromosome evolution in NWM and hominoids in general and is prerequisite for correct interpretation of future sequencing based genomic studies in those species.

Multiple intrasyntenic rearrangements and rapid speciation in voles

“…Unfortunately, different approaches (bioinformatics, cytogenetics) often provide conflicting results about the number and types of rearrangements. In some taxa, it was shown that intrachromosomal rearrangements are more frequent than interchromosomal rearrangements 31 , 35 , 36 . Notably, the contribution of intrachromosomal rearrangements was more significant in rapidly evolving groups.…”

First Comprehensive Characterization of Phayre’s Leaf-Monkey (Trachypithecus phayrei) Karyotype

“…MCB combined with heterochromatin-and a locus-specific probe is suited best to characterize basic karyotypic features in primates, as shown in our previous studies (Mrasek et al, 2001;Fan et al, 2014;Fan et al, 2015;Xiaobo et al, 2013;Sangpakdee et al, 2018). In this study, the first comprehensive characterization of the karyotype of TPH was done; and a comparison with that in TCR and macaques was performed accordingly (Fan et al, 2014;Xiaobo et al, 2013).…”

From Human Cytogenetics to Human Chromosomics

“… on “the occurrence and prevalence of chromosomal gaps and breaks and interchanges” [ 3 ]. The focus here includes fragile sites [ 112 ] and their putative role as seeding points of (i) evolutionary conserved breakpoints [ 112 , 113 , 114 ], (ii) breakpoints observed in inherited [ 112 , 115 ], and (iii) acquired chromosomal aberrations in tumors [ 112 , 116 , 117 ]. Recently, as originally suggested by Prof. Claussen [ 3 ], fragile site related breaks were attributed to chromosome three-dimensional structure and function rather than to DNA-sequence [ 118 , 119 , 120 ].…”